Leonardos Laptop :: essays research papers

Ben Shneiderman, in Leonardos Laptop, introduces the idea of new education, which uses engineering science for active learning and collaborative teaching methods. In this new education, a part of the new computing, Shneiderman envisions an educational online web tool, which he calls LEON. This method of e-learning would provide a student oriented view of what is on the web. Students could gather information and acquire resources. It would allow students to recognize truth and useful information. LEON would allow for students to field of study in collaborative teams. Students and teachers will be able to work together and post the outcomes of the collaborations. It would allow for student participation, whether one on one or groups. E-learning would produce results that are pregnant to someone outside the classroom. An archive would be provided for students and teachers everywhere. These explain the ideas for Shneidermans LEON in the new education, a part of the new computing. I reserve with all parts of LEON. It would be an interest catching educational tool Shneiderman proposes graphics and sound to captivate the student. As a creative outlet it would be ideal for students to explore everything technology has to offer while learning. A tool to gather information and acquire resources, I believe I agree that it would be useful for students to learn how to use the web to gather useful information. At the same time they would learn to avoid dangers and false information. I think that it would be great as a tool to work in collaborative groups. Here students would be able to share ideas and allow large amounts of people to work together. I agree that LEON would help to develop ambitious projects by students. By using LEON students know that others will be seeing their work, and this makes them polish them to perfection. Other students would be able to put their input in as well.

User Sampling Methods :: essays research papers

1Sampling MethodsWhen surveying, for any purpose, it is important to recognise that the results atomic number 18 only as representative as the survey subjects (the sample), and as such much academic research has been performed in to techniques for weft, broadly placing them in one of two categories probability sampling and non-probability sampling.In short, with probability sampling the participants atomic number 18 selected by occur. There are dozens of methods of selecting members, using a variety of mathematical techniques, but the key is that each subject has a random, calculable chance of being selected. There is no human intervention involved in the selection.MethodCharacteristicsSimple (random) SamplingThe sample is selected entirely at random stratifyThe population is first divided in to exclusive subgroups based on some predetermined criteria (e.g. location), then samples are selected at randomProportionate secernateAs above, but a smaller group that would otherwise n ot provide statistically valid results may be oversampled then the results weighted to change by reversal for this. For example, if a particular group is too small to provide a statistically significant sample, more members of that group would be sampled ClusteringThe starting foreland for the sample is randomised, then assumes that the sample at that point is representative of the region. For example, selecting a street corner, interviewing the first 10 people, and assuming that they are representative of the area duck 2 - Probability Sampling MethodsNon-probability samples, however, contain an element of human bias in the sample selection. Again, there are various methods for the selection, the most common of which areMethodCharacteristicsQuotaRespondents are preselected to ensure that the sample is representativePurposiveSubjects are selected as they have some specific characteristic, for example, hold a certain view or job typeConvenienceThe sample is selected by availability SnowballingContacts provide information about other potential respondentsSelf-selectionRespondents volunteer themselves for selection apprehensionAn expert uses his or her judgement to nominate people for sampleTable 3 - Non-probability Sampling MethodsMost samples use a combination of sample selection methods. For example, quota sampling is often used to ensure that a random sample is actually representative of the population.2Survey typesThere are three fundamental surveying techniques that are suitable for consideration in the projectInterviewTelephoneSelf Administered Survey2.1Interview (face to face)This category includes in-depth interviews, focus groups and projective methods (such as intelligence agency association tests) which are not suitable for use in this project. There are several distinct advantages to this type of survey, such asResponse pass judgment tend to be higher than other methods Ability to reassure the subject about their responses

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We like to think that once a criminal is put behind bars that he or she no longer poses a threat to society. In The Fertile Soil of Jihad Terrorisms Prison Connection, Patrick Dunleavy, a former official inside the New York State surgical incision of Correctional Services, shows the delusion behind this mindset. Dunleavys thesis is that terrorists use the American prison system to recruit the disenfranchised to radical Islam. While many Americans may be oblivious to this practice, Dunleavys involvement in Operation Hades, an investigation conducted by the State of New York to determine the extent of recruiting to Islamic extremism that took place within the states prisons, makes him quite familiar with the process. Writing from experience, Dunleavy examines cases that show just how this recruitment takes place.Throughout the book, Dunleavy follows the story of Abdel Nasser Zaben. An immigrant and member of Hamas, in 1993 Zaben was arrested and sent to prison in New York State. Dunle avy finds that convicts today are not isolated from society (p.100), Zaben being a prime example. Like others before and since, once within prison Zaben became a clerk for a prison imam. This expanded his influence, furthered the radicalization process, and put him in contact with other radicals outside of prison.The Fertile Soil of Jihad demonstrates that Dunleavy has a clear soul of the prison system in America. It benefits the conducter by showing the problems in this system (at least as far as its connection to terrorist recruitment goes) as characterized by Zabens experience. Perhaps the most glaring issue is that of prison imams. Dunleavy indicates that many of the imams in the employ of the New York State Department of Correctional Servi... ...Patrick Dunleavys The Fertile Soil of Jihad endeavors to bring to light an often misunderstood or unrecognized problem. And in so much as it does that, it should be praised. However, his outline of this issue is fraught with his own misunderstanding. Ultimately, the books worth depends on what the reader wants to get out of it. If he or she seeks to understand the radicalization process that occurs in American prisons, then it is a good source. Yet, if the desired outcome is to understand Islam, jihad, or how prison radicalization can be addressed on a societal or cultural (rather than institutional) level, then it is inadequate. Whether America is at war with Islam or it is the other way around is never made clear. The book could be read either way. To truly address the problem, an understanding of Muslim culture and Islam is necessary a radical notion indeed.

all I Know Is What I Read In The Papers - Will Rogers -- essays resear

"All I Know Is What I Read In The Papers" - Will Rogers     There have been many criteria over the then(prenominal) few centuries that measuredones political clout and influence divine right, property, money, andacquaintances. In the twentieth century, particularly the past two decades, thepolitical power to influence others resides in information the more informationyou have and the more you know how to persona it, the more potential influence youhave.     People rely on the media for their information, as it is the nearly easilyaccessible, efficient, and passive way of acquiring knowledge. Unfortunately,the media is not completely reliable as it can and has been manipulated bypoliticians, their parties, and their governments. This makes the media apowerful weapon as politicians use it to effect passrs political choices throughadvertising, change touristed opinion on issues of state, and debasing politicalcampaigns through smear tactics."You can make a vista someone they arent. You can protect themfrom someone they are, or make them more of what they are".-Senator NormAtkins(1)"An election is like a one day salethe product (candidate) in a sale(campaign) is only available a few hours on one day".(2)     The main goal one hopes to win by advertising something is to makeit marketable so people will purchase it. Since what a politician hopes toultimately do is persuade people to vote for, or buy, their political platform,they would be foolish to not take advantage of the captive and passive audienceof the advertising mass media. Unfortunately politicians and their managementtake advantage of this medium to manipulate voters choices. Two cases ofadvertising manipulation on voters was during the Canadian National Referendumof 1992 and the Quebec Referendum of 1995. During the National Referendum of1992 over the Charlottetown Accord "three hours of free shine time was madeavailable during prime time on every radio and television network that met thestatutory criteria"(3) according to the Referendum Act. The act also statesthat " half(prenominal) (of the time) is allocated to the Yes and half to the No side"(4).This allotment of advertising time did not take into account the printadvertisement that was plastered al... ... in thatmatter"(22). Truedeau floored Bouchard by saying that "the federalists wouldhave done better in the recent Quebec referendum "(23) if the Yes side didnt"make Quebeckers, especially former premier Rene"Levesque, look likevictims"(24),Politics is a very dirty game, and if you dont develop a thick skin todeal with the rhetoric then you will not survive the smear campaigns.     "I idolize three newspapers more than a hundred thousand bayonets"(25)      The mass media in all its manifestations has a mandate to be a forumfor views both straigh taway and indirectly through advertising and journalistreporting, This massive forum has been the place, for many years, thatpoliticians have had their voice. Like many other institutions, the mass mediahas been utilized as a tool of the political world with which politicians, theirparties, and their governments capture the fixated and passive audience, thusmaking the media a powerful device to affect voters political choices throughadvertising, change popular opinion on issues of state, and debasing politicalcampaigns with smear tactics.

The Cognitive Revolution and Scientific Study of Psychology Essay

The cognitive revolution in psychology was a head during the 1950s and 1960s which involved radical changes to two major concepts in psychology which are consciousness and causality. It was also a period that saw to the abolition of traditional science values of dichotomy and the worship of atomisation in science, replacing reductive micro deterministic views of personhood with holistic top-down view (Overskeid, 2008)The target area of this essay is to give an account of what constitutes the cognitive revolution, and also assess the contributions that the cognitive revolution has made to the scientific subscribe of psychology. The cognitive revolution represents a opposite turn around in the centurys old treatment of mind and consciousness in science, such as the contents of conscious experience, whose congenital qualities were being discarded as mere causal epiphenomena (Sperry 1993). This paradigm shift brought with it alternative beliefs about the ultimate nature of things th ereby bringing forth radical answers to some of humanities deepest questions. The key assumption of cognitivism is that people have divergent mental states each of which can lead to a different response. The manipulation of these different states can be described in terms of algorithms all of which has become the defining paradigm of psychology (Sperry 1993)One major contribution that cognitivism had on the study of psychology as a science came in the form of psychological theories. It returned the conditioning theory as well as comparative psychology endure to a position where they recognized the there were a number of qualitative differences between the psychological processing of humans and animal (Greenwood, 1999). This is as a leave alone of the empirical prob... ...an Psychology. American psychologist, 47(2), 308-318Robins R.W, Gosling S.D & Craik R.H (1999) An Empirical Analysis of Trends in Psychology. American psychologists, 54,(2), 117-128Vosniadou S. (1996) TOWARDS A REVISED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY FOR NEW ADVANCES IN LEARNING AND INSTRUCTION. Learning and instruction,6( 2), 95-109.Sperry R. (1993) The shock absorber and Promise of the Cognitive Revolution. American Psychologist 48 (8) 878-885Overskeid, Geir. (2008, January 1). They should have survey about the consequences the crisis of cognitivism and a second chance for behavior analysis The Free Library. (2008). Retrieved January 01, 2011 from http//www.thefreelibrary.com/They should have thought about the consequences the crisis of...-a0175445637Newell, A., Shaw, J. C., & Simon, H. (1958). Elements of a theory of problem solving. Psychological Review, 84, 231259.

Financial Globalization Essay

Financial globalisation is not a new term it has existed since along cadence as on that point were capital flows. These capital flows were mainly in the form of long term bonds. As most of the countries were backed by the gilt as their currencies the standards were thus far set according to the gold rates. After the First World War the first global crisis came into being which led to the great mental picture and the Second World War. After the Second World War the countries restricted trade and assisted upon their monetary policies.In 1970s this came to an termination and another wave of globalization ran across the world in the form of investment in oil. The fiscal globalization connects the different countries monetaryly and in the financial integration of the development countries. The financial system has been evolving since a long time for the better performance of the economy. There came a time when financial instruments were easily being divided into its further com ponents. hazard could be sold or even bought. There is a cycle through with(predicate) which there is a recession period and a boom.After a very long period of boom there atomic number 18 certain reasons which lead into a recession period. Financial crisis can be caused due to several(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons the like currency crisis, bank crisis and etc. These crises occur when an asset or something loses its revalue to a very slight amount. There grant been recession periods in the past even but the most recent one occurred in 2007. This was also called the great recession. It collapsed very large institutions. Many banks even closed bulge out and several companies had to face severe consequences due to these factors. Now the question arises what caused recession?What were the factors that contribute towards recession? The major reason behind all this in 2007 was the substantial estate and subprime issues. The investors in real estate were encouraged by the bank a nd other loan providing authorities to coin up on loans on a relatively easy term. These easy terms meant on low interest rate at a reasonable initial payment and etc. overdue to these things the prices of the houses started to increase but when the inflation started to raise the prices of property started to decline and hence many of the loan schemes became a loss making for both the provider and the drug user.The user would lose all the initial payments made while the provider will have to bear the loss due to the inflation. The subprime lenders were moving towards bankruptcy. The main reason for the stinting problems today is the expansion of global attribute, deregulation and restricting the alternatives of the policies. There could be many reasons which might have led to the crisis in 2007 but the main reasons among them were the value of dollar in international merchandise with respect to the trading of oil, the debt cycle due to the housing schemes and the economic inequ ality trends.The growth in the inequality trends meant that the open up between the highly paid people and the low paid people kept on increasing in terms of their salaries. Due to this, the consumption was affected as purchasing power would decrease due to low income. To solve this problem plastic money was bought in, plastic money means the use of credit cards, this allowed people to buy things even if they didnt have cash. The use of plastic money increased the GDP of US and hence its use became to a greater extent and more common. The concentration of wealth has had a great deal of affect on the political activities even.Lot of people had so much money which they didnt even know where to spend. The number of donors therefore increased in the system as there people in need of money on the other end (Allan, 2010). The private sector debt has brought a great deal of increase in the crisis. The credit card debt was a little concern over the concern of mortgage debts. Today the cr isis is faced due to three main reasons. The transmute in baking policies, the buying of houses even with a low income and the policies on debts which allowed people to usurp money to buy their houses were among those reasons.The dollar has been the currency in which trading was done. US a few decades back was a creditor and now has become a debitor and that too the biggest one. The depreciation of dollar was due to the trade being taken place in other currency like Iran started trading oil in its local currency and other currencies like Euro and Pounds appreciated causing the value of dollar to depreciate in the international market which even led to the crisis. The problems started to muster when the surface of credit started to dry up. Bringing credit into the economy cuts down the flow of money and it decreases the growth of the economy.The use of credit is not a problematical thing as it promotes growth and jobs, but when they are used wisely. Financial globalization star ted in late 1980s which was assumed to bring forth in more growth to a clownish especially the developing countries. It is largely believed that financial globalization has led to financial crisis but there are very less evidence to support this finding. FDI has become an alternate equity way to the debt financing ways. They are considered to be more stable and are less prone to risk. They bring in more benefits like transfer of managerial and technological expertise.The entries of foreign banks have a positive impact on the financial growth of a ground. The foreign banks are much more experience and expertise to deal with issues with problems in an economy. The debts are accepted by the people who are willing to take up risks. It is largely believed that the financial globalization affects in three ways, in financial development, policies and quality of the financial sector. Financial globalization has bought a lot of benefits to the developing countries but because of the finan cial crisis these benefits have been turned in the opposite ways.Even the supporters of financial globalization believe that risk is involved in it. Financial globalization allows the country borrow in bad times and lend money when the other countries need in good times. then it shares the international risks. When country is not financially global it has to look upon the matters regarding to the domestic investors only but when it is financially global it has to take into consideration the foreign investors even which requires a lot of time to solve problems regarding the crisis situations of a country. Even the imperfection of international financial market can lead to crisis.Due to the imperfection fundamentals can also be deteriorated. Even those countries with sound fundamentals can be affected by the importance of external factors in the international market. For example the interest rates, these external factors are a way to judge a countrys capital flows. The shock transmit ted through different countries is another way through which financial globalization is affected. For example, if two countries are competing in the same market and if the value of one countrys currency depreciates it will disturb the other countrys competitive advantages.Thus both the countries will have an adverse effect on their currency due to the depreciation of one countrys currency. Another form of shock can be through the information. The investors rely on the market they see and then speculate according to the position of the market the future of their business. Therefore there can be problems for the economy of a country. There are 4 main agents in the financial globalization, brass, borrowers, investors and financial institution. The government restricts the domestic financial sector and capital flows and gives preference to the foreign trade.The opening of foreign companies has increased the investment of foreign countries in a country. To smooth their consumptions the countries have started borrowing from abroad which makes it easy to finance activities as the other countries might be interested in investing in other countries than itself due to several reasons like low risk and higher rate of return. This has made easy for the company and individuals to invest abroad through shares in the companies, providing loans and etc. Financial institutions like International Monetary Fund (IMF) provide a mix of services which are available in different countries all over the world.One of the benefits of financial globalization is the development of financial sector. It has increased the amount of capital present for investment. These advantages come with different sorts of disadvantages even mentioned above. There are different ways through which a government can minimize the risk of financial globalization and maximize its benefits. The government should have proper policies regarding investment in foreign countries, should escort capital flows. The tra nsactions which are based on foreign country should be backed institutions which can help in the times of crisis.There should be proper ways to manage the risk and returns. The rules and regulations made should be properly disclosed to enable proper dealings. Managing risk from the beginning might be barroom to the country from several crises and then when crisis do occur they can help the country to solve the problem easily and come out of it smoothly. If the country loses its confidences there are chances of the currency to depreciate therefore proper measure should be taken to support the crisis. This can also happen when there is a change in the foreign currency, as well as the countrys own currency.Thus it can be concluded that the financial crisis of 2007 due to the glowering mortgages and easy borrowings might have led many people to become wealthy but those who were poor became poorer. The effect of the crisis which mainly started in US had its personal effects all over th e world as many of the countries are interlinked with US and hence change in the value of the dollar would affect the other country even. Other its effects on the currency the financial crisis have led to bankruptcy and bailout of many banks and companies. Some of them which were lucky enough were merged with other companies to prevent the bad economic conditions of the country.Many people had to give back their houses to the government, banks or any other lender which caused a lot of problem to the lenders as well as the owners. This period was known as the recession period where many of the employees lost their jobs due to the shutdown of many organizations all over the world. Even though it has been few years since this recession, its effects can still be visible now. Many places in US still have high rate of unemployment. Thus the financial crisis doesnt have a good effect on financial globalization.One could say they are interlinked with each other, financial crisis can be si ck a stop to financial globalization and excessive financial globalization can even cause financial crisis. Therefore it is very important to look into matters when investing in foreign companies, those policies which might seem to be more profitable for the short term should be avoided and making decisions on just scheme should not be the only way, there should be a calculation done to measure the amount of the risk a country could face. Though these crises are short lived but sometimes they can leave its effects for a very long period of time.