A Tragedy Revealed: A Heroines Last Days

A Tragedy Revealed: A Heroines Last Days Today you are going to read an amazing story wrote by a man named Ernst Schnable, this story is about a young girl named Anne Frank. Anne Frank lives in Amsterdam. Anne and her family must go into hiding at the Secret Annex to hide from the Nazi’s. After two years of hiding they are found and taken away to a concentration camps. Today I will be telling you about Anne and some characteristics about her. Anne is very confident, energetic, and also very caring.Anne is confidant in many ways, she is confident because when things go wrong or people start to think negative Anne stays strong, and positive. Anne always sees things on the bright side why think negative when you can think about things in a positive way. Anne also does not give up when she is taken away from her family and friends and sent away to a concentration camp. While Anne is away at the concentration camp she is kind of happy to be there because she gets to feel the cool b reeze, smell the air, and see the sky.When other people saw how confident Anne was they thought why not be confident to and have hope in being free soon. Anne is energetic because she is always talking, smiling, and playing around trying to have some fun. Before Anne went to the Secret Annex, she went to school and did normal things just as we do now. One day while she was at school she was talking so much that her teacher called her Ms. Quack Quack. Even though Anne has went into hiding she still trys to have some fun, though she must be quiet all day she still manages to have fun in any way possible.Anne is also caring because she loves to be around people. She always loves to help anyone when they are in need of something. Though at times Anne may argue with her mother about helping her do house work Anne really has a soft heart. The one thing that I found very touching was that Anne stayed by her sister Margot’s side the whole time she was ill until she passed away. Now y ou know some characteristics about Anne Frank, but their are many more than just the three I have listed. I recommend this story to any age or skill level reader.This story teaches you a lesson on what we should think about people and things, and that we should take a second look at the different things in life. I hope this story will delight you as how she did me, and to imagine what she felt when she was in this situation, and try to relate with one of your own experiences. I hope you enjoy this lovely story about a girl named Anne Frank. Also think of other characteristic than just confident, energetic, and caring, and see the bright side of things as did Anne. Do pass on this story as a reminder that threw good or bad everything happens for a reason.

Employee Motivation Programs Essay

Keep your workers inspired by utilizing an employee motivation program inShare Your company can benefit by employee motivation. It’s important to reward your staff for their hard work through recognition, special privileges or gifts. An employee motivation program shows your staff that your company cares about their success. Motivate your staff and their production will exceed expectations. Increase production and employee satisfaction as your business implements workforce motivation. Employee motivation techniques create the foundation that keeps your workforce happy and productive. Encourage teamwork, which improves your company’s success as well as staff motivation. A supportive work atmosphere leads to positive motivation for employees and improves morale. Enjoy workers in the company who have a great attitude and are an example for new staff member joining the organization. Motivating employees can come in many forms. Here are a few ideas to get you started: 1. Consider an employee motivational training program. 2. Use employee motivational articles and other materials to inspire your workers. 3. Give your gifts as an incentive to increase staff motivation. Implement a training program to increase employee’s motivation Training programs use employee motivation theories to offer the best classes and training tools for your company. Some of the most successful companies in the world use training programs for worker motivation. Try: Dale Carnegie Training is a well-established company that understands the benefits of business employee motivation. Training Camp has on-site training as well as an online computer course. Inspire your crew with employee motivation articles and posters The use of visual aids changes how employees view their success. We’ve all seen the motivational posters and articles but these can be more beneficial than you might think. The use of attractive and eye-catching materials that cover encouragement, innovation, leadership and make it happen, are subjects used for motivational posters. Try: Successories has an unlimited amount of motivational posters ranging in any subject. Future Think has motivational materials that guide you on how to recognize and reward innovation. Create worker motivation with incentives Employees love rewards for hard work and a wonderful motivational tool is gift incentives. Your staff will strive to do their best and it challenges them to improve productivity through friendly competition and recognition for a job well done. Try: Swift Prepaid Solutions offers prepaid gift cards that you can use to incite your employees to achieve certain goals. You can use them for the best sales or a job well done. Circuit City has a program where you can hand out gift cards to your deserving employees. †¢Employees need to feel encouragement and motivational techniques can achieve the goal of motivating employees on a daily basis. †¢Use an employee motivation survey to gage the morale of your workforce. Ask the staff to indicate what motivates them. Basic choices include recognition, monetary rewards and special privileges.

Ethical Considerations on the Muslim World

In the post-9/11 climate, the American people are bombarded with emotive images and language in the media to the point of reaching simply untrue conclusions about members of the Muslim world creating questions of an ethical bias in the United States media mainstream. This ethical assault on the emotions of the American people and the ensuing indoctrination of hatred toward people in the Middle East and Muslims living in the United States is an achievement that benefits politicians by instilling the emotions of fear and hate.The images that are depicted selectively, although in no way thoroughly, as they relate to the so-called War on Terror show events that create fear that a trend may be occurring, when in fact, the images depict isolated incidents that cannot be tied into one specific trend. As well, the wording that is used in various media outlets, namely the word â€Å"terror† and â€Å"terrorist† instills fear and brings about emotions to American viewers that are vulnerable to what they see and hear.As well, much of what is missing from the media in terms of the lives of average Muslim people only serves to further the bias that all Muslims must be terrorists, because when Muslims are depicted in the news, it is for violent acts. This, of course, is an emotive fallacy. This type of emotional appeal to fear has been studied by numerous academics and point to a propaganda model of what is presented to the people. â€Å"Propaganda does try to sway a mass audience to accept a conclusion based on premises that are popularly and widely accepted, and it does typically work by exciting the emotions and enthusiasms of the crowd† (Walton, 102).Certainly then, when emotions and enthusiasms are utilized by the media in portraying countries and peoples in a negative light and as enemies of the United States, this enthusiasm of an America united against a common enemy seems to serve just as well as demonizing these declared enemies. However, when the term â€Å"War on Terror† is used this is so unspecific that it also hinders reasoning by connecting people that belong to the Muslim religion in one group, instead of accurately portraying the members of the Muslim community as mostly peaceful with only a fringe element in question.The intended effect of this by unscrupulous politicians is to instill so much fear and hate as to replace compassion for the majority of Muslims in places like Iraq and Afghanistan. Another part of the propaganda model is to make sure that a country or a group of people are depicted as immoral and for this idea to be widely accepted. â€Å"Constant reference to a ‘war on terror’ did accomplish one major objective: It stimulated the emergence of a culture of fear. Fear obscures reason, intensifies emotions and makes it easier for demagogic politicians to mobilize the public† (Glassner, xii).So it seems that the reaction of the majority of people on America was to be initiall y immobilized by fear after 9/11 and they then were easily manipulated into mobilizing for politicians with an agenda. It becomes apparent that real and present dangers and social problems are deemed not interesting enough to make it to mainstream media, so instead the heroic stories of soldiers along with the horrific and largely isolated attacks by Muslim extremists are shown.It has also been argued that the presence of political analysts and other experts in a field are used to inform the people of the real dangers in the world, when in fact, it appears that these experts are chosen selectively and politically in order to boost television ratings. It also appears that television is a much more dangerous mode for the American citizen due to the very few sources of ownership in the media. This media monopoly, therefore, virtually suppresses the balanced voices of Americans who realize that the media serves as a weapon of propaganda.Again television news is the most troublesome. â⠂¬Å"Studies conducted†¦ have shown that people who are heavy television viewers, including viewers of television news shows, believe their communities are much more dangerous than do light television viewers† (Postman& Powers, 23). Certainly then, the media does instill fear as research has shown and it is the most dangerous of people that are portrayed, because this is more entertaining than showing Muslims living in peace or wanting peace.The news then, does not educate people by using logical means, what is used is an appeal to emotion. This appeal to emotion equals viewers resulting to the emotive fallacy of coming to the conclusion that Muslims and countries with the majority of it’s peoples as Muslims are inherently dangerous. Of course, there is nothing ethical about this presentation not on the part of media conglomerates or the politicians, who use propaganda as a tool to serve themselves politically.The fear now is that this â€Å"War on Terror† wi ll never cease due to the media spin on the dangers of terrorism and the ensuing jump to the illogical conclusions that this group and these peoples are dangerous. In conclusion, the emotive fallacy of coming to a popularly held belief that is held by the American people that Muslims and Muslim countries are dangerous is perpetuated by the media. Research has indicated that this is nothing less than propaganda and an unethical disinformation campaign. As well, other research has pointed out that television viewers are more likely to fall into this illogical thinking.Then if it is not fear that creates tensions and hatred toward this group it is the mobilization of citizens under a common goal, to defeat a declared enemy in a most-confusing war. References Glassner, Barry. (1999). The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Scared of the Wrong Things. New York, NY: Basic Books. Postman, Neil & Powers, Steve. (1992). How to Watch TV News. New York, NY: Penguin Books Walton, Douglas. (2007) . Media Argumentation: Dialectic, Persuasion, and Rhetoric. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University P

Business Stabilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Stabilization - Essay Example This postulation highlights the disjoint and independence in supply and demand based on time and persons. This is a sharp contrast to the view of the classical monetarist who did not take into consideration the possibility of a time lag in-between earning and expenditure and the savings culture. This was the starting point for Keynesian Economics. As stated earlier, fiscal policy is of more importance than monetary policy in the view of Keynesian Economist. Keynesians believe that money is an asset which can be held for its own sake and not just as a temporal abode of purchasing power. Keynesians do no believe that changes in money supply have significant effects on economic activities. Keynesianism also does not reckon with the classical belief that money can be routed to affect economic activities. Although it will be an overstatement to say that Keynesianism does not recognize money as being important, it should however be put in proper perspective. Money does not have a direct im pact on the economy. Before money can be said to have an impact on the economy, Keynesians believe that a change in money supply should influence interest rate which should in turn translate into a change in investment levels and ultimately have an effect on national income, only then can money be said to matter. Rate of Ms1 Rate of Net Ms= Money Supply Interest Ms2 interest Md = Money demand r1 r1 r2 r2 M1 M2 Ms Md r3 b Investment Going by the graphical illustration above, It is readily observable that, lowering the interest rate will have no impact on an inelastic investment curve. Keynesians also believe that the primary link between money supply and the economy is interest rate with two other secondary link of the ability of the interest rate to affect investments and for changes in investments to affect national income these links according to Keynesianism are very weak. Politicians in the UK in the course of electioneering and campaign exhibit vast knowledge of Keynesianism with the way Economic policies are drawn up. The two main parties in the UK today are the Conservative and Labour parties, each having their traditional viewpoint on economic policies and how the Government is expected to intervene in the economy. However, in the post war period, there has been cross-party consensus as regards economic policy with very great inclination of both the left and the right towards Keynesianism. There has equally been much talk from both sides on how best to manipulate the financial operations of the Government with a view to furthering certain economic policy objectives. These objectives include price stability, external equilibrium, economic development and growth, income distribution etc. instruments of fiscal policy such as tax, Government expenditure and interest rates are ideas that have been propagated in the quest to achieve the afore-mentioned objectives. The belief is that by fine-tuning the fiscal policy, depression within an economy can be overcome. Both the labour and conservative party agreed that some key industries should be owned by the state in a process of nationalization. However

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Case - Essay Example The goal was not consistent with the definition of effective goals as it did not conform to the elements identified in SMART goals (Author 453). Likewise, every strategy implemented by Ruth, as deemed crucial towards the achievement of the defined goal by Hoffman has not be appropriately supported and thereby enhanced negative, rather than positive emotional arousal. By providing insufficient information as to the extent of leeway given to Ruth regarding company policies (like providing credit in excess of $1,000), all the more Hoffman diminished Ruth’s confidence in running the branch. On the part of Ruth Cummings, the guidelines that were apparently violated are as follows: (1) modeling; (2) providing information; and (3) creating confidence. When Ruth applied strategies that were innovative (hiring an administrative assistant and appearing in a local TV show), she failed to appropriately advise Hoffman to seek approval and support for the strategies. Also, hiring the administrative assistance and paying above norm potentially diminishes the morale and confidence of internal human resources (top sales clerks). Pursuant to the guidelines of empowerment that were violated, the advice that an outside consultant could give to Ken are as follows: (1) provide clear (SMART) objectives to Ruth to enable her to design appropriate strategies that conform to these goals; (2) provide positive social and emotional support; (3) clearly provide information for scope of approving authorities through identification of details from company policies that could be waived (if any) in terms of providing credit beyond the stipulated amounts or needed protocols requiring management’s approval prior to implementation (hiring or firing human resources, for that matter). These moves would create the needed confidence to be exuded by Ruth in carrying out her responsibilities as the branch manager. On the other hand, the advice that would assist empowering

Contriversal Thesis on Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Paper

Contriversal Thesis on Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Paper Example In this novel, the writer delved deeper in the sinfulness, issues, rigidity and hypocrisy of the American Society Puritanic laws during the 19th Century. Thesis Statement The Scarlet Letter in comparison to anything else, portrays the criticism of America in the 19th Century. Given the controversial statement above, the following points will be discussed for purposes of supporting the statement. The points are such as, the hypocrisy of America as illustrated through genocide and slavery of the Native Americans, the biography of Nathaniel Hawthorns clearly shows his disillusionment with the United States of America In analyzing the history of America as illustrated through the genocide and slavery of Native Americans, it is argued by historians that, racial scapegoat was vital for American state consolidation. This is because they believed that, intra-white conflict could only be resolved through institutionalizing similar prejudices against the black people (Antony 96). For instance, various reports that assessed the September attacks impact on the politics of Americans politics claimed that the attacks were significant in reordering racial divisions. As a result, nationalism has been clearly defined as† the wish to suppress the internal divisions within the nation and define people outside the group as untrustworthy as allies and implacably evil as enemies.†(Arthur 600). When individuals speak of genocide being performed against the blacks in the world, then people perceive it as white supremacy work system. Few years after the American Revolution, a policy known as the â€Å"conquest theory† was adopted by the United States towards the American Indians. As such, the Europeans viewed themselves as a culture that was superior thus bringing civilization to cultures they considered inferior. The culture of the Native Americans was viewed as having beliefs that were pagan in nature. Therefore, the conquest was viewed as a necessity evil that wou ld help in bestowing upon Indians who were heathen a moral consciousness that would help in redeeming their amorality. The world perception which converted self interest in economics into mortal, noble, motives was a Christianity notion as a religion which demanded fealty from all the available culture. This is what made the Americans ignite war with the native Americans for purposes of expanding their empire, accumulating treasure, cheap labor and land. The war resulted to incarceration of indigenous youths, slavery where the Native Americans were forced into manual labor among other evil deeds ( Mokdad 245). By looking at the Church of England and pluralism, it is evident that the quality in the life of the church differed immensely. Majority of the parish clergy were workers who were very faithful. On the other hand, some were notoriously absent and immoral. Pluralism was among the accepted abuses in the system of the parish. The main reason for such an occurrence was that distin ct amounts of income were offered to the parishes. Individuals acquired their livings for the sake of money and status. The lives of some clergy men can also be portrayed in the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Because of his income that was insufficient as a writer, he was forced to enroll in a career as â€Å"Custom House Measure† in Boston. By bad luck, in three years time he got dismissed from his career. Through his writing, by

State of Maryland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

State of Maryland - Research Paper Example This technology may play a great role in better treatment of a person. It has improve the worth, protection and competence of medical records. The EHR has eliminated the effects of illegible handwriting of the doctor or other staff. One does not have to face any difficulty while reviewing the patient’s record, because all the information is clear and to the point. To enter the data in the EHR the patient have to fill a form that is downloaded to the EHR. The patient’s record is updated with every visit he makes. The result of the laboratory tests any other related diagnosis are too updated with time. Also if the patient admitted in the hospital and its discharge summaries are also noted down in the record. One can also create graphs of the patient’s blood pressure level within specific time interval, its increase or decrease in weight, height, etc. (Leading EHR Solutions from Sentinel Health, 2013) This program can save so much time, as one doesn’t have to look all through the files and find a patient’s record; it’s just a click away. The patient’s whole medical history can be accessed through the computer in the hospital, within seconds. This can help the physician to study in detail the patient’s health care history, for their better treatment. Maryland was the first state to reward incentive to the health care institutions, who are effectively implementing the use Electronic Health Record. House bill 706 (electronic health records regulation and reimbursement) was passed, as the result of which â€Å"EHR incentive program† came into being. (Electronic Health Records , 2012). The EHR incentive program gives incentives to those hospitals and professionals, who understand, implement and exhibit the correct use of the EHR program. These incentives are distributed to encourage the use of EHR in the medical and professional field. (EHR incentive program, 2012). This incentive program is available for

Thorntons plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Thorntons plc - Essay Example The stores offer premium and hand-crafted boxed chocolates, hampers, gift boxes, corporate gifts, and seasonal candies. Some of the Thornton shops double as cafes where patrons can get coffee, pastries, and sandwiches. The company sells sweets through its catalog and via its Web site, as well as through retailers. In addition, the company operates coffee shops under the name Caf Thorntons. Thorntons, a UK chain of chocolatiers, has implemented G.O.L.D., a suite of retail management software from Aldata, a leading provider of software solutions for the global retail industry, to support its business growth and forward strategy. In 1911, Joseph William Thornton opened the first Thorntons shop in Sheffield, England. Nearly 100 years later Thorntons plc now has an annual turnover of more than 160million, over 350 own shops and over 200 Franchises. The product ranges now include Ice Cream, Cakes, Biscuits, Chilled Chocolates as well as the more traditional Fudge, Toffee and Chocolates. Historically a manufacturer, Thorntons had built up its business based around production rather retailing. Stores were a later development, during the eighties, and existing systems were developed rather than revamped. Jim McLauchlan, Thorntons Program Manager, explains, "Our ordering ... A selection of Thorntons stores also includes an in-store Caf. The company produces Thorntons-branded products for many retailers including Tesco, and also makes selected own-brand products for Marks & Spencer and Boots. Historically a manufacturer, Thorntons had built up its business based around production rather retailing. Stores were a later development, during the eighties, and existing systems were developed rather than revamped. Thorntons' existing IT infrastructure had therefore been built up over many years and comprised a variety of systems with limited integration between them. Jim McLauchlan, Thorntons Program Manager, explains, "Our ordering system was over 20 years old and had been heavily customized over this time without full supporting documentation, so it became almost impossible to make further modifications. In addition to this, we had a number of unsupported platforms that gave unwanted risk. The third factor was that these systems no longer supported our future strategy. Replenishment was handled manually and was based not on store demand- more on the 'knowledge' of the store manager. Orders were actually phoned through from the stores to a Thorntons telesales team. As a result, Thorntons was unable to react quickly enough, to adjust production to match demand in the stores. For a business that is effectively a fashion retailer, needing to monitor, match and predict trends, the systems gap required urgent attention. Solution Thorntons did not hurry to make a decision, because most vendors it considered did not have systems specifically for a business that was retail, franchise, commercial and manufacturing. The company is currently vertically integrated and has developed different systems to cope with the

Answer the question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Answer the question - Essay Example This can be achieved through integrating technology with other courses in the curriculum or enabling them to apply technological concepts in their day to day living. When we refer to reforms in the curriculum, this should be one of the most important which is necessitated by the changing trends and innovation. The use of modern technology in education is a motivating factor to the students because they can relate to their daily usage of such applications and also promotes performance, efficiency and accuracy in learning. As a result of these reforms there is excellence movements and academic performance of student in school such as increase in number of teachers graduating, establishing minimal competency standards for both teachers and students and trying teacher accountability to standardize test scores. In my opinion, this was a very creative way of engaging the students to use applications in their assignment. This was a great way for a teacher to incorporate technology into the classroom. Not only did they assimilate technology into the assignments, but they also used technology that students are familiar with and enjoy using. I think incor porating technology and other things students use in the modern society will help them feel more involved and engaged in life and motivate them to do

Macroeconomic Policies of UK Government in Achieving Objective of Low Essay

Macroeconomic Policies of UK Government in Achieving Objective of Low Inflation - Essay Example Mills argue that the United Kingdom has over the years had elaborate strategies to counter high inflation; the strategy targets the underlying rate of inflation (112). This strategy is justified because besides helping to control the level of inflation, it is also instrumental in checking the interest rate and the retail price index. In a bid to maintain a low level of inflation, the government has to contend with the unemployment in the economy. Currently, the rate of unemployment in the United Kingdom is 7%, while the inflation rate is 2.7% (Gordon 220). This rate of unemployment is not badly off as it shows that United Kingdom’s economy is at near full employment. High unemployment levels have adverse social and economic cost to the economy. Unemployed have low purchasing power, hence the rate of consumption is low (Gordon 220). The other characteristic of unemployed is that unemployed people lose their skills and morale with time; hence becoming less productive in the econ omy. The government is obliged to incur extra public expenditure to provide social benefits to the unemployed population. Finally, the adverse effect of high employment rate is that it results in increased cases of social evils such as crime, prostitution, and vandalism. In a bid to cushion the economy from inflation, the United Kingdom’s government permits some level of inflation in the economy. Striking a balance between inflation and unemployment brings about the concept of Philips's curve. Philips curve suggests that there exists a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. As the UK government tries to thwart inflation, the rate of unemployment also goes up as shown in Figure 1. This is the case because the two macroeconomic elements have opposing... This paper analyzes the complex interrelationships between certain sets of macroeconomic policies in order to achieve opposing planned objectives of low inflation, employment and growth rate. In a bid to maintain a low level of inflation, the government has to contend with the unemployment in the economy. Striking a balance between inflation and unemployment brings about the concept of Philips's curve. Philips curve suggests that there exists a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. As the UK government tries to thwart inflation, the rate of unemployment also goes up. This is the case because the two macroeconomic elements have opposing fiscal and monetary policies that are used to fight them. Inflation requires contractionary economic policies while unemployment requires expansionary fiscal policies. During high inflation, the government is forced to reduce public expenditure and increase the interest rate to reduce the money supply in the economy. However, when the government reduces the amount of public expenditures or the interest rate, the level of employment will go down. The most practical level of inflation and unemployment should be 3%; this scenario means that the economy is at near full employment, and the prices of goods and services are stable judging by the consumer index price. The bank of England is responsible for ensuring that UK’s economy attain sound macroeconomic levels in terms of price stability, full employment, economic growth and equilibrium in the balance of payment.

Chemistry Life in Daily Life Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Life in Daily Life Essay Introduction: Fluorine has the distinction of being the most reactive of all the elements, with the highest electronegativity value on the periodic table. Because of this, it proved extremely difficult to isolate. Davy first identified it as an element, but was poisoned while trying unsuccessfully to decompose hydrogen fluoride. Two other chemists were also later poisoned in similar attempts, and one of them died as a result. French chemist Edmond Fremy (1814-1894) very nearly succeeded in isolating fluorine, and though he failed to do so, he inspired his student Henri Moissan (1852-1907) to continue the project. One of the problems involved in isolating this highly reactive element was the fact that it tends to attack any container in which it is placed: most metals, for instance, will burst into flames in the presence of fluorine. Like the others before him, Moissan set about to isolate fluorine from hydrogen fluoride by means of electrolysis—the use of an electric current to cause a chemical reaction—but in doing so, he used a platinum-iridium alloy that resisted attacks by fluorine. In 1906, he received the Nobel Prize for his work, and his technique is still used today in modified form. Properties And Uses Of Fluorine: A pale green gas of low density, fluorine can combine with all elements except some of the noble gases. Even water will burn in the presence of this highly reactive substance. Fluorine is also highly toxic, and can cause severe burns on contact, yet it also exists in harmless compounds, primarily in the mineral known as fluorspar, or calcium fluoride. The latter gives off a fluorescent light (fluorescence is the term for a type of light not accompanied by heat), and fluorine was named for the mineral that is one of its principal hosts. Beginning in the 1600s, hydrofluoric acid was used for etching glass, and is still used for that purpose today in the manufacture of products such as light bulbs. The oil industry uses it as a catalyst—a substance that speeds along a chemical reaction—to increase the octane number in gasoline. Fluorine is also used in a polymer commonly known as Teflon, which provides a non-stick surface for frying pans and other cooking-related products. Just as chlorine saw service in World War I, fluorine was enlisted in World War II to create a weapon far more terrifying than poison gas: the atomic bomb. Scientists working on the Manhattan Project, the United States effort to develop the bombs dropped on Japan in 1945, needed large quantities of the uranium-235 isotope. This they obtained in large part by diffusion of the compound uranium hexafluoride, which consists of molecules containing one uranium atom and six fluorine anions. Fluoridation Of Water: Long before World War II, health officials in the United States noticed that communities having high concentration of fluoride in their drinking water tended to suffer a much lower incidence of tooth decay. In some areas the concentration of fluoride in the water supply was high enough that it stained peoples teeth; still, at the turn of the century—an era when dental hygiene as we know it today was still in its infancy—the prevention of tooth decay was an attractive prospect. Perhaps, officials surmised, it would be possible to introduce smaller concentrations of fluoride into community drinking water, with a resulting improvement in overall dental health. After World War II, a number of municipalities around the United States ndertook the fluoridation of their water supplies, using concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Within a few years, fluoridation became a hotly debated topic, with proponents pointing to the potential health benefits and opponents arguing from the standpoint of issues not directly involved in science. It was an invasion of personal liberty, they said, for governments to force citizens to drink water which had been supplemented with a foreign substance. During the 1950s, in fact, fluoridation became associated in some circles with Communism—just another manifestation of a government trying to control its citizens. In later years, ironically, antifluoridation efforts became associated with groups on the political left rather than the right. By then, the argument no longer revolved around the issue of government power; instead the concern was for the health risks involved in introducing a substance lethal in large doses. Fluoride had meanwhile gained application in toothpastes. Colgate took the lead, introducing stannous fluoride in 1955. Three years later, the company launched a memorable advertising campaign with commercials in which a little girl showed her mother a report card from the dentist and announced Look, Ma!  No cavities! Within a few years, virtually all brands of toothpaste used fluoride; however, the use of fluoride in drinking water remained controversial. As late as 1993, in fact, the issue of fluoridation remained heated enough to spawn a study by the U. S. National Research Council. The council found some improvement in dental health, but not as large as had been claimed by early proponents of fluoridation. Furthermore, this improvement could be explained by reference to a number of other factors, including fluoride in toothpastes and a generally heightened awareness of dental health among the U.  S. populace. Chlorofluorocarbons : Another controversial application of fluorine is its use, along with chlorine and carbon, in chlorofluorocarbons. As noted above, CFCs have been used in refrigerants and propellants; another application is as a blowing agent for polyurethane foam. This continued for several decades, but in the 1980s, environmentalists became concerned over depletion of the ozone layer high in Earths atmosphere. Unlike ordinary oxygen (O 2 ), ozone or O 3 is capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, which would otherwise be harmful to human life. It is believed that CFCs catalyze the conversion of ozone to oxygen, and that this may explain the ozone hole, which is particularly noticeable over the Antarctic in September and October. As a result, a number of countries signed an agreement in 1996 to eliminate the manufacture of halocarbons, or substances containing halogens and carbon. Manufacturers in countries that signed this agreement, known as the Montreal Protocol, have developed CFC substitutes, most notably hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), CFC-like compounds also containing hydrogen atoms. The ozone-layer question is far from settled, however. Critics argue that in fact the depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica is a natural occurrence, which may explain why it only occurs at certain times of year. This may also explain why it happens primarily in Antarctica, far from any place where humans have been using CFCs. (Ozone depletion is far less significant in the Arctic, which is much closer to the population centers of the industrialized world. ) In any case, natural sources, such as volcano eruptions, continue to add halogen compounds to the atmosphere. Introduction: Chlorine is a highly poisonous gas, greenish-yellow in color, with a sharp smell that induces choking in humans. Yet, it can combine with other elements to form compounds safe for human consumption. Most notable among these compounds is salt, which has been used as a food preservative since at least 3000 B. C. Salt, of course, occurs in nature. By contrast, the first chlorine compound made by humans was probably hydrochloric acid, created by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. The first scientist to work with hydrochloric acid was Persian physician and alchemist Rhazes (ar-Razi; c. 64-c. 935), one of the most outstanding scientific minds of the medieval period. Alchemists, who in some ways were the precursors of true chemists, believed that base metals such as iron could be turned into gold. Of course this is not possible, but alchemists in about 1200 did at least succeed in dissolving gold using a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids known as aqua regia. The first modern scientist to work with chlorine was Swedish chemist Carl W. Scheele (1742-1786), who also discovered a number of other elements and compounds, including barium, manganese, oxygen, ammonia, and glycerin. However, Scheele, who isolated it in 1774, thought that chlorine was a compound; only in 1811 did English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) identify it as an element. Another chemist had suggested the name halogen for the alleged compound, but Davy suggested that it be called chlorine instead, after the Greek word chloros , which indicates a sickly yellow color. Uses Of Chlorine: The dangers involved with chlorine have made it an effective substance to use against stains, plants, animals—and even human beings. Chlorine gas is highly irritating to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and lungs, and it can be detected in air at a concentration of only 3 parts per million (ppm). The concentrations of chlorine used against troops on both sides in World War I (beginning in 1915) was, of course, much higher. Thanks to the use of chlorine gas and other antipersonnel agents, one of the most chilling images to emerge from that conflict was of soldiers succumbing to poisonous gas. Yet just as it is harmful to humans, chlorine can be harmful to microbes, thus preserving human life. As early as 1801, it had been used in solutions as a disinfectant; in 1831, its use in hospitals made it effective as a weapon against a cholera epidemic that swept across Europe. Another well-known use of chlorine is as a bleaching agent. Until 1785, when chlorine was first put to use as a bleach, the only way to get stains and unwanted colors out of textiles or paper was to expose them to sunlight, not always an effective method. By contrast, chlorine, still used as a bleach today, can be highly effective—a good reason not to use regular old-fashioned bleach on anything other than white clothing. Since the 1980s, makers of bleaches have developed all-color versions to brighten and take out stains from clothing of other colors. ) Calcium hydrocholoride (CaOCl), both a bleaching powder and a disinfectant used in swimming pools, combines both the disinfectant and bleaching properties of chlorine. This and the others discussed here are just some of many, many compounds formed with the highly reactive element chlorine. Particularly notable—and controversial—are compounds involving chlorine and carbon. Chlorine And Organic Compounds: Chlorine bonds well with organic substances, or those containing carbon. In a number of instances, chlorine becomes part of an organic polymer such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride), used for making synthetic pipe. Chlorine polymers are also applied in making synthetic rubber, or neoprene. Due to its resistance to heat, oxidation, and oils, neoprene is used in a number of automobile parts. The bonding of chlorine with substances containing carbon has become increasingly controversial because of concerns over health and the environment, and in some cases chlorine-carbon compounds have been outlawed. Such was the fate of DDT, a pesticide soluble in fats and oils rather than in water. When it was discovered that DDT was carcinogenic, or cancer-causing, in humans and animals, its use in the United States was outlawed. Other, less well-known, chlorine-related insecticides have likewise been banned due to their potential for harm to human life and the environment. Among these are chlorine-containing materials once used for dry cleaning. Also notable is the role of chlorine in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which have been used in refrigerants such as Freon, and in propellants for aerosol sprays.  CFCs tend to evaporate easily, and concerns over their effect on Earths atmosphere have led to the phasing out of their use. Introduction: Bromine is a foul-smelling reddish-brown liquid whose name is derived from a Greek word meaning stink. With a boiling point much lower than that of water—137. 84 °F (58. 8 °C)—it readily transforms into a gas. Like other halogens, its vapors are highly irritating to the eyes and throat. It is found primarily in deposits of brine, a solution of salt and water. Among the most significant brine deposits are in Israels Dead Sea, as well as in Arkansas and Michigan. Credit for the isolation of bromine is usually given to French chemist Antoine-Jerome Balard (1802-1876), though in fact German chemist Carl Lowig (1803-1890) actually isolated it first, in 1825. However, Balard, who published his results a year later, provided a much more detailed explanation of bromines properties. The first use of bromine actually predated both men by several millennia. To make their famous purple dyes, the Phoenicians used murex mollusks, which contained bromine. (Like the names of the halogens, the word Phoenicians is derived from Greek—in this case, a word meaning red or purple, which referred to their dyes. Today bromine is also used in dyes, and other modern uses include applications in pesticides, disinfectants, medicines, and flame retardants. At one time, a compound containing bromine was widely used by the petroleum industry as an additive for gasoline containing lead. Ethylene dibromide reacts with the lead released by gasoline to form lead bromide (PbBr 2 ), referred to as a scavenger, because it tends to clean the emissions of lead-containing gasoline. However, leaded gasoline was phased out during the late 1970s and early 1980s; as a result, demand for ethylene dibromide dropped considerably. Halogen Lamps: The name halogen is probably familiar to most people because of the term halogen lamp. Used for automobile headlights, spotlights, and floodlights, the halogen lamp is much more effective than ordinary incandescent light. Incandescent heat-producing light was first developed in the 1870s and improved during the early part of the twentieth century with the replacement of carbon by tungsten as the principal material in the filament, the area that is heated. Tungsten proved much more durable than carbon when heated, but it has a number of problems when combined with the gases in an incandescent bulb. As the light bulb continues to burn for a period of time, the tungsten filament begins to thin and will eventually break. At the same time, tungsten begins to accumulate on the surface of the bulb, dimming its light. However, by adding bromine and other halogens to the bulbs gas filling—thus making a halogen lamp—these problems are alleviated. As tungsten evaporates from the filament, it combines with the halogen to form a gaseous compound that circulates within the bulb. Instead of depositing on the surface of the bulb, the compound remains a gas until it comes into contact with the filament and breaks down. It is then redeposited on the filament, and the halogen gas is free to combine with newly evaporated tungsten. Though a halogen bulb does eventually break down, it lasts much longer than an ordinary incandescent bulb and burns with a much brighter light. Also, because of the decreased tungsten deposits on the surface, it does not begin to dim as it nears the end of its life. Introduction: First isolated in 1811 from ashes of seaweed, iodine has a name derived from the Greek word meaning violet-colored—a reference to the fact it forms dark purple crystals.  During the 1800s, iodine was obtained commercially from mines in Chile, but during the twentieth century wells of brine in Japan, Oklahoma, and Michigan have proven a better source. Uses And Applications: Among the best-known properties of iodine is its importance in the human diet. The thyroid gland produces a growth-regulating hormone that contains iodine, and lack of iodine can cause a goiter, a swelling around the neck. Table salt does not naturally contain iodine; however, sodium chloride sold in stores usually contains about 0. 01% sodium iodide, added by the manufacturer. Iodine was once used in the development of photography: During the early days of photographic technology, the daguerreotype process used silver plates sensitized with iodine vapors. Iodine compounds are used today in chemical analysis and in synthesis of organic compounds. Introduction: Just as fluorine has the distinction of being the most reactive, astatine is the rarest of all the elements. Long after its existence was predicted, chemists still had no luck finding it in nature, and it was only created in 1940 by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei). The newly isolated element was given a Greek name meaning unstable. Indeed, none of astatines 20 known isotopes is stable, and the longest-lived has a half-life of only 8. 3 hours. This has only added to the difficulties involved in learning about this strange element, and therefore it is difficult to say what applications, if any, astatine may have. The most promising area involves the use of astatine to treat a condition known as hyperthyroidism, related to an overly active thyroid gland.

The Success of US Economy in 2004-2007 Essay Example for Free

The Success of US Economy in 2004-2007 Essay Economics and professionals economists have felt the heed of a series of books economic subjects which is not filled by usual textbooks or by the highly technical treatise.   This present series are published under the general title ‘The Economics handbook series with the interest of informing any reader in general. They are short volumes that give essentials of the subject matter within the hundreds of few pages within a short span of period. The American Economy has undergone a considerable remodeling during the recent past. First the most important issue is the single factor, which is the new factor that has never been experienced in the History of America. America has never had a major depression far nearly two decades. WE have had virtually full employment and booming prospect. Although past experience has been quite different throughout out history every eight or nine years we have experience serious depression and widespread unemployment. Indeed over a century our economy was the most violently fluctuating economy in the world. The recent election history, particularly 2000 presidential contest and 2002 congressional elections, suggests a decisive victory for the incumbent republican president.   Since then the American economy had enjoyed unprecedented economic growth. The budget was balance and with the cold war over and America as the only hegemony left standing, the world was mere peaceful than ever (Acemoglu, 2004) Operating under pressure the American Economy had performed a miracle. The output response to adequate aggregate demand has surprised everyone, and what is many still more surprising, it has not led to any such destructive inflation as was feared. Clearly we are not out of words in this matter, but the experience of recent years is reassuring. One thing is certain; our economy is equipped with three powerful safeguards against peace time inflation: 1. Our prodigious capacity to increase production when under pressure. 2. Our capacity both corporate and individual, to save at high income levels; 3. Our demonstrated capacity at responsible fiscal and monetary management. However the problem of wages and collective bargaining still remain. There can be no doubt that this requires statesman like action. In all events it is therefore fair to say that experience thus far indicates that the alarmists may well have beaten the drums a little too loudly and it will be happy to note recently a little softer note in the discussion of this very important problem. A high degree of stability in the value of money must be an important consideration of public policy. Yet there is in considerable danger of making a fetish of rigid price stability. This fetish could easily become a serious obstacle to optimize. (Karol Panis, 2004) The record of post man central Bank history in the United States points to the conclusion that monetary policy has become only one of many instruments controlling the rate of aggregate spending. And fiscal policy has played the dominant role, with monetary policy and selective controls serving as important supporting measures. The long term interest rates still need to be coming down, especially since they climbed back recently short term rates could go down another percentage point to help. In addition the Federal Reserve should conduct some of its open market purchases in the long-term markets, and the Treasury should stop selling new bonds in the long term markets. Both measures would lighten the supply of bonds in the long maturities, give an upward push on their prices and bring down long tern interest rates. In 1960, on the Kennedy Council, the council was trying to persuade the Whitehouse, the congress and the public that the beginning of recovery is only the begging of recovery. At that point, the full employment growths push. By simply changing the direction of the economy from negative to positive does not automatically trigger an inflation problem. This will indicate that just because the economy has turned around and is going up rather than down is going up rather   than down for a month or two or a quarter or two does not mean the business cycle problem is solved. A lot of unemployment excess capacity and slack demand still persists at and after the typical cyclical turning point (Barrel, 1992) The government offers job training and job training is a pervasive aspect of the life of Americans, Wages and salaried employment is the single largest source of aggregate personal income in the United States. Every person holding a job has benefited from the training. Most job training in the United States is undertaken by private employers in their normal course of doing business, but each year, many Americans in precarious economic conditions use publicly funded job training as a path to employment. Training comes in many shapes that are not the same and in different forms. There is an important distinction between general and firm specific training. The general training provides the trainee with skills that apply to many employers in the labor market while specific training mainly offers skills that have value within a given firm or for a given employer. The government finances more of the former whole employers support more of the later since they are its principal beneficiaries. Both public and private intermediaries have played important role as service providers throughout during the publicly funded employment and training programs. The work forces investment act (WIA) has expanded the role of intermediaries participating in the workforce investment system by establishing new one stop operator roles and excluding local work force investment boards from being direct service providers, unless waivers have been removed.   Intermediaries that provide services under WIA receive funds from local boards to provide direct employment and training services to customers or facilitate work force development in the one-stop environment. In the recent past, concern about the skills of the US work force has emerged as a persistent public policy issue. The current focus on skills and their importance in the working lives of Americans is not new, rather a renewal. The Federal training policy has its roofs. In new deal public workers programs several factors are tied to the renewed public interest in skill development. Globalization, technological change and the reorganization of work have combined to produce dramatic changes in the demand for workers’ skill. Today a ‘good’ job increasing requires a strong base of analytical quantitative and verbal skills. In the United states these skills are produced for the most part by the educational system, followed in sequence by private employers. (O’Leary et al. 2004) While most work force development programs have evolved incorporating lessons learned from previous initiatives, the job corps program, designed to offer disadvantaged youth a one year residential work force development program, has continued virtually unchanged since it was established by the economic opportunity act in 1964. In the next 15 years, work in the United States will be shaped by a number of forces that includes demographic trends, advances in technology and the process of economic globalization. These key factors have already played a role in shaping the world of work in today economy. They have influence the size and composition of labor force, the features of the work place, and the composition structures provided by employers. During the last century the US economy was shifting from one based a production to one based on information. New technology had spawned new products and industries had transformed the way firms in established industries were organized and labor was employed. The phenomenon of globalization can be viewed from a number of perspectives. There is no a single agreed upon definition (world bank 2000) Economic aspects of globalization has seen the flows of goods and services, direct investment and other capital flows, the transfer of knowledge or technology and the movement of people. From this, perspective in the United States, the era of economic globalization affects the size of the markets we produce far the mix of products be consumed and the nature of the competition in the global market place. It also has implications for the labor market, the US workers compete in and the sources of domestic and international labor available to US firms and in addition to the economic dimension of globalization, it also has political social and cultural dimensions such as the balance of power across nations. (Karol Panis, 2004) The secular bent of the shah as well as his oppression and dictatorial ways alienated many Iranian groups allowing radical Islamists to overthrew the dictator and in stall a radical Islamic state in its place. The new regime held Washington acceptable for its years of support of shah, and relations between the two countries deteriorated as groups of Iranians took over American Embassy in Teharan.This is in support of explainging to exposà © the roots of present war on terrorism. (Gareau, 2004). One of the apparent puzzles in the empirical corporate governance literature is the lack of correlation between the presence of independent directors and the firm’s economic performance. Various studies have searched in vain far an economically significant effect on the overall performance of the firm. Theory would predict that firms will select the board structure that enhances the chance for survival and success; it competitive market pressure eliminates out of equilibrium patterns of corporate governance whole some predict that corporate governance in the US is already good and therefore marginal improvements in a particular corporate governance mechanism would expectedly have a small effect. The rise of independent directors in the diffusely held public form is not driven only by the need to address the managerial agency problem at any particular form but on how to govern forms so as to increase social welfare. Fundamental changes in the information environment rewarded th e ratio of the firm’s reliance on private information to its reliance information impounded in the prevailing stock market prices. In conclusion over the period between 2004 and 2004, the central planning capabilities of the large public firm became suspect. The richer public information environment changed the role of directors and special access to private information became less important. Thus the fidelity shareholder value as to the utility of stock market signals found unit in the reliance on stock price maximization as the measure of managerial success. (Gordon, 2007) The US economy slowed sharply in the fourth quarter of 2005 growing of its slowest rate since early 2003. This is because private consumption was weak largely due to a sharp drop in auto sales as buyer incentive programs ended and gasoline process surged in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, corporate fixed investment was subdued and net experts exerted a substantial drag and growth. Mainly indicators suggest that the weakness was concentrated on the early part of the quarter and the economy had subsequently bounced back.   Industrial production has strengthened capital goods orders are firm non fair payrolls increased and consumer confidence has rebounded from its Past Katrina slump. Consequently real GDP growth issues expected to rebound in the first quarter 7 2006 and average at 3.4 percent for the year as a whole. Strong corporate profits and comfortable financing conditions imply a positive outlook for business investment. Consumption growth, however is expected to slow in 2006 by about  ¾ percent point as a cooling housing market and elevated energy prices more than offset any acceleration in disposable incomes from employment and wage growth with corporate profits expanding robustly and balance sheets in good shape, business investments and employment growth could be stronger than expected, but overall risks to the outlook are slanted to the down side. The large current account deficit 6.4 percent of GDP in 2005 makes the United States vulnerable to a swing in investors’ sentiment that could put downward pressure on, the dickens and see a spike in long-run interest rates. However a weaker housing market could trigger a more abrupt withdrawal of consumer demand than anticipated. House prices have grown strongly in recent years providing a boost to economic activity through their effect on consumption, residential investment and employment. (World Economic Outlook, 2006)

Unethical Marketing Research Practices

Unethical Marketing Research Practices Practices in relation to proposals constitute a breach of professionalism, courtesy and ethics, research managers should understand that, Examples of common faults: Added consulting services prior to winning the assignment, expecting the research company to provide value Developing research instruments and special exercises and providing customized local market information. These may include project design, However, it is wrong to make this an expectation., the research company may wish to supply some of these services to place themselves in a better competitive position; In order to place the second in a better competitive position, disclosing details of one Research Companys proposal to another Company information and pricing structure the research companys approach should be treated as proprietary and confidential. Research managers should not use another company as a lever or check on a regular supplier, seeking comparison bids without charge Evaluating Research The process of vendor selection can sometimes become derailed by individual egos and political dynamics which are harmful to successful study execution and should be avoided, the research manager typically must review them with senior research, brand and marketing management. The consultants personal qualities including their level of enthusiasm, poise and professionalism as well as the skills and professional capabilities offered by the research company, primary criteria that should be applied in the selection process are the fit between the projects substantive requirements and the research manager should be certain that the proposals offered are equivalent in all respects, particularly in terms of specifications and possible hidden costs not apparent in the quotation Unethical Practices in Marketing RESEARCH SUPPLIERS Low-ball pricing Underpaying field services Lack of objectivity Abuse of respondents Selling unnecessary research Violating client confidentiality Research Clients Issuing bid requests when a supplier has been predetermined Obtaining free advice and methodology via bid requests Making false promises Unauthorized requests for proposals Field Services Law-ball Pricing What Is Low Balling the Price When Buying Car? Car dealers are often stereotyped as tricky and dishonest, and the car buying experience is viewed as an adversarial contest between the customer and salesperson. While its not always that way, there are some dishonest dealerships and salespeople who will use unethical practices to sell their cars. One of these practices is known as lowball. Not every dealer will use it, but you should be aware of it in case someone tries it. If they do, you should know how to handle it. Lowball the price of a car means offering to sell it at an unrealistically low price. For example, a car dealer might offer you a vehicle for $27,000 even though it normally sells for a minimum of $30,000. Unfortunately, the dealer has no intention of actually selling the car at that price. Its an underhanded tactic to get you through the door. There are two purposes for giving you a lowball offer. If you are shopping around, Roosevelt Gist of Auto Network says a salesperson will give a lowball price to ensure that you will come back. He knows that no other dealer will be able to meet the offer, so he wants to guarantee your return. He wont give you anything in writing, and when you return he wont honor the price. Youll get an excuse like you misunderstood or the sales manager wouldnt approve it or the car has been sold. Instead, youll find yourself back in negotiations. The second purpose is to get you into the dealership if you have not been there yet. If you are shopping via email or over the phone, the dealer may call you with a price that sounds too good to be true. When you arrive, he wont honor the price. It may seem that lowball would turn off buyers, but some dealers get good results with this tactic. If youre shopping over the phone or via email and he can get you through the door, he hopes that you wont want to be bothered shopping around at other dealers. If he can get you to do a test drive and engage you in negotiations, he hopes to make a sale. If youre already at the dealership after shopping around, he is counting on the fact that you are tired and will give in to the higher price. The best reaction when you have been lowballs to simply walk out the door. Once you see the dealer has no intention of honoring the price, youll also see that he is not above using dishonest tactics. Its better to spending more time shopping around than to deal with an unethical business. You can prevent lowball by asking the salesperson to put his offer in writing if it sounds unusually low. If he makes the offer over the phone, ask him to send you an email or fax you a written confirmation before you visit the dealership. If he refuses to do this, dont bother going to the dealership. Youve probably gotten a lowball offer that will not be honored when you arrive. Lake of Objectivity How to Avoid Unethical Behaviors and Dirty Tricks of Realtors Since the commissions of the Real Estate Agent are being paid by the seller of the house a buyer cannot relay on his objectivity or impartial conduct, like in many professions and occupations there are honest and ethical people and there are some who arent exactly as since without a buyer there is no deal, the seller can expect the agent to exert pressure to lower the selling price. Therefore he would do anything in his power to make the buyer pay more than he wanted and on the other hand (the good hand :-), push the seller to settle for less than he hoped to be paid for his property. In short, the agents main interest is to make sure that there would be a sale, so he would be able to get his commission , what we would concentrate here though, is the unethical dirty tricks and manipulations some of the Real Estate agents are using in order to achieve it. In general it make sense to bring both sides to agree on realistic price that can cut a deal Misconduct of Agents to Seller The sellers are the biggest losers from the real estate agents tricks Home owners are often duped into paying money to agents before their homes are sold. If their home does not sell, or it sells for less than the consumer was led to believe, this money, which often amounts to thousands of dollars, is lost. Purpose of advertising is NOT to sell homes, but to raise the profile of agents; this is at the direct expense of home sellers. Home sellers are being convinced by a rational that the price goes up at auctions but the reason the price goes up at auction is because it starts at a very low price. The truth is that auctions get lower prices more often than they get higher prices. Among agents, an auction is considered the fastest and best conditioning method. Home Owners lose millions through having their homes undersold at auctions.. It is a common deceit. At other times, home sellers are given totally fictitious offers in order to convince them to lower prices, many agents submit offers to sellers which are lower than the offer actually made by the buyers. This reckless disregard for the personal safety of home-owners is a serious ethical concern. Open Inspections, Almost anyone can walk through a family home without identification. Agents will say that there has been lots of activity and, if no one has bought, the price must be lowered. But agents do not say that the people who looked were not qualified Also, the more lookers who can be attracted to an open inspection the easier it is to persuade the owner to reduce the price. Abuse of Respondents Often, an association and its members will have already heard rumors or seen patterns of wrongdoing before a crisis becomes public. By choosing to do nothing then-or even after a scandal breaks-associations have failed their professions and industries. Leadership and quick action to shore up public trust is needed. I am convinced that many associations have failed their professions and industries in times of scandal and crisis. But what should an association do when one or more of its members is waist-deep in a public scandal? Here are a few suggestions: Condemn the sin, not the sinner. Public confidence in a profession or industry demands that the profession always be ready to draw clear lines between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. It is possible to make a strong and timely statement on the ethics of a specific behavior without judging whether the particular behavior has occurred in this case or whether a specific executive is guilty. The first response of an association must be to label the unethical behavior for what it is Ask the accused to step aside. It should be an unwritten law of associations and professional societies that accused individuals step aside temporarily until charges are resolved. The credibility of any association depends on the integrity of its leaders. This does not admit guilt, but simply respects the special role of the association. Pull the trigger if guilt is established. If the guilt of an individual or member firm is established, then the association must act to force the resignation or withdraw the membership of the guilty. Cases where guilt is never proven, but the stench of scandal is strong, present harder choices. Associations must be in the business of building public trust. Quiet action to force the resignation of an association board member may be called for. If an association today does not have a process for throwing out a member, it had better create one. Define and advocate best ethical practices, not just minimum behaviors. Association codes designed to define and advocate exemplary rather than minimal behaviors. In todays ethical climate, restoring trust will require a focus on best practices and exemplary behavior If only the lower boundary is established, those inclined to wrongdoing will always be probing how low is low, most association and industry codes of ethical conduct are least common denominators, a list of provisions that virtually every member can agree to because the standards are so low Keep your ethics current with the changing nature of your profession or industry. Ethical norms codified by the firms and their associations in the past addressed problems of a simpler time. Only through visionary action and timely debate on new ethical issues facing the profession or industry will public credibility and trust be sustained The ethical failures in the accounting, financial services, health care, and telecommunications industries can in part be attributed to the rapidly changing structure and altered characteristics of those industries Selling unnecessary Research Admittedly, people assume different approaches to managing their visibility. On the contrary, years of BSRP research finds that in our culture, if you want to get paid what youre worth, its essential. Doing whatever you can to direct attention to the competencies you have, and contributions you make, is not inherently wrong or evil. Some are narcissistic and vain but not necessarily unethical. However, there are some people who plainly do not subscribe to conventional rule of conduct. To them, for example, the rhetoric of principles, values and integrity only serves as an additional device which can be used to scam others. Their unrestrained behavior taints ethical self-projection for everyone. They may be tedious and boring, but they are not necessarily unethical. The result is a catalog of twenty-two behavioral tools unethical self-promoters tend to use. How many have you experienced? Well intended people are content to practice appropriate self-presentation, when they can, moderated by a sense of honor, respect for the truth and prudent regard for the feelings of others For 30 years we have been observing those devices in use, especially as they are used by salespeople, managers, executives, ex-clergy, consultants, psychologists, and others. Violating Client Confidentiality Temptation grows stronger when were tired, afraid, under pressure, or in conflict all of us face the human temptation to duck important ethical responsibilities. By making what we know or suspect is unethical seem perfectly ethical. Common cognitive strategies can fool us They can spin the most questionable behaviors into ethical ideals. The most common ethical fallacies rely on twisted judgment, appealing fallacies, and juggled language. To restate a major theme of this book: We believe that the overwhelming majority of psychologists are conscientious, caring individuals, committed to ethical behavior. We also believe that all of us are fallible, no one is perfect in all areas at all times, and we all share vulnerabilities at one time or another to at least a few of these ethical justifications. What sorts of cognitive maneuvers can transform unethical behavior into the ethical ideal? Many of the justifications below appeared in previous editions of this book, and some were added when the list appeared in Here are a few. We encourage readers to expand the list. Unethical not as long as a managed care administrator or insurance case reviewer required or suggested it. Unethical not what sorts of cognitive maneuvers can transform unethical behavior into the ethical ideal? if the American Psychological Association or similar organization allows it. Unethical not if an ethics code never mentions the concept, term, or act Unethical not as long as any law was broken. If someone discovers that our c.v. is full of degrees we never earned, positions we never held, and awards we never received, all we need do is non defensively acknowledge that mistakes were made and its time to move on Its not unethical as long as we can name others who do the same thing. unethical not if we can use the passive voice and look ahead. Its not unethical as long as we didnt mean to hurt anyone. unethical not even if our acts have caused harm as long as the person we harmed had it coming, provoked us, deserved it, was really asking for it, or practically forced us to do it or, failing that, has not behaved perfectly, is in some way unlikable, or is acting unreasonably. without any doubt whatsoever that exactly what we did was the necessary and sufficient proximate cause of harm to the client and that the client would otherwise be free of all physical and psychological problems. Its not unethical as long as there is no body of universally accepted, methodologically perfect (i.e., without any flaws, weaknesses, or limitations) studies showing -, difficulties, or challenges. Its not unethical if we could not (or did not) anticipate the unintended consequences of our acts. For example, it may seem as if a therapist who has submitted hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of bogus insurance claims for patients he never saw might have behaved unethically. Its not unethical if we acknowledge the importance of judgment, consistency, and context. : It was simply an error in judgment, completely inconsistent with the high ethics manifest in every other part of the persons life, and insignificant in the context of the unbelievable good that this person does. However, as attorneys and others representing such professionals often point out Use of professional Respondents Unethical Behavior Its Impact on Todays Workplace Such unethical behaviors include a wide variety of different activities. Among the most common unethical business behaviors of employees are making long-distance calls on business lines, duplicating software for use at home, falsifying the number of hours worked, or much more serious and illegal practices, such as embezzling money from the business, or falsifying business records. Though there is sometimes a difference between behaviors that are unethical and activities that are actually illegal, it is up to the business itself to decide how it deals with unethical behavior legal or not. It is a sad truth that the employees of just about every business, in every business, will occasionally encounter team members who are taking part in unethical behaviors. After all, unethical behavior that is not illegal frequently falls in a grey area between right and wrong that make it difficult to decide what to do when it is encountered. Many employees find that discovering unethical behavior among co-workers actually tests their own values and ethical behaviors. For example, some people feel that it is alright to tell a little white lie, or to make one long distance call on the companys nickel, as long as they can justify it in their mind. Furthermore, different people have different views regarding what is ethical and what is unethical. Employee needs to consider how s/he feels about that particular activity, as well as informing about that activity, or turning a blind eye. When employees discover other employees doing something that they know is wrong by the companys standards, their own sense of what is right and what is wrong instantly comes into question The first step is to create a company policy, in writing, that is read and signed by each employee. This erases most feelings of ambiguity when it comes to deciding what to do after witnessing an unethical behavior Should the employee speak to the individual directly, or should the employee head directly to a company supervisor? Even by deciding to do something about it, the employee who has discovered the unethical behavior is presented with a number of difficult choices. To make this decision a bit easier, many companies have adopted several techniques that allow for the management of unethical activities. With clear instructions, there will be less hesitation in reporting unethical activities, and then they can be dealt with quickly and relatively easily, before they develop into overwhelming issues the second is to give a clear outline of what is expected of the person who has discovered the unethical behavior. It should include the person who should be contacted, and how to go about doing it. Furthermore, the repercussions of unethical behaviors should be clearly stated. both the person doing the activity, and the witness to the activity will be well aware of the way that things will be dealt with, and there wont be any risk of someone not reporting unethical behavior because theyre afraid that the culprit will be unfairly treated. Communication is key in the proper management of unethical behavior in todays workplace. RESOURCES Hagan, F. (2000). Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Lasley, J. (1999). Essentials of Criminal Justice and Criminological Research. NJ: Prentice Hall Neuman, L. B. Wiegand. (2000). Criminal Justice Research Methods. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Reynolds, P. (1982). Ethics and Social Science Research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Senese, J. (1997). Applied Research Methods in Criminal Justice. Chicago: Nelson Hall. Not an official webpage of APSU, copyright restrictions apply, see Megalinks in Criminal Justice OConnor, T. (Date of Last Update at bottom of page). In Part of web cited (Windows name for file at top of browser), MegaLinks in Criminal Justice. Retrieved from http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/rest of URL accessed on todays date.

Discovering the Third Reich Through Mephisto :: Essays Papers

Discovering the Third Reich Through Mephisto "Mike," a confused coworker asked me, "why do you want to take a course on the Nazis?" Finding myself unprepared to account for a lure that, to me, was intrinsic to the subject matter, I struggled with a hasty explanation about studying mass dementia for the sake of understanding how it works and preventing it from happening again. "A whole bunch of Jews went willingly to their deaths," I elaborated. "A nation of people stood by and watched it happen. You have to wonder, why didn't somebody stop that?" "Yeah," replied my friend, "the Germans said 'Come here and we'll kill you,' and the Jews went anyway. I guess they were all stupid." I discovered that I had no immediate answer to this facetious dismissal of one of history's most profound tragedies. It was a sweeping and indiscriminate assertion, to be sure, but not one entirely without merit. If general stupidity were not to blame, then why had six million Jews endured such torture? Were none of them in a position to unite in any sort of cohesive resistance? What of the Catholics who were murdered in the concentration camps as well? The blacks? Political dissidents? Members of the press? In fact it seems that the Nazis, over the course of their reign, discriminated against so many professions, creeds, philosophies, and classes that for a person not to belong to at least one must have been a remarkable feat of chance. I could not begin to understand how the National Socialist Party had, with such a miserable and offensive political platform, managed to gain power in Germany, nor how, with such cruel and oppressive practices, they managed to keep it. Klaus Mann's Mephisto answered a number of these questions for me. Though it did not trace the Nazis' rise to power outside of mentioning a few highlights, it did portray in a frighteningly matter-of-fact manner the social and cultural climate of that crucial time period: the dying years of the Weimar Republic, and the early years of the Third Reich. Specifically, it reassured me that the whole of Germany had not welcomed the Nazi takeover with open arms, nor enjoyed the years spent living under the Reich. "Was it possible?" Mann's character Hendrik wondered upon receiving the news of Hitler's appointment as chancellor. (Mephisto, 156) "The blustering lout whom his brilliant and progressive friends had so often ridiculed had now suddenly become the most powerful man in the country! This is horrible, thought the actor Hendrik HÃ ¶fgen.

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation :: Teaching Education

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? What would you do as a future teacher to enhance intrinsic motivation in your students? The main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is the goals of the students. With intrinsic motivation, the student studies subject material for the sake of learning. These students find studying enjoyable and learning new ideas as a reward itself. Extrinsically motivated students study for the sake of outside influences such as getting teacher and peer praise, acquiring a good grade or some other type of reinforcement that a teacher or peer might offer. Another difference that is worth mentioning is that research shows that intrinsically motivated learns more than extrinsically motivated students. This could be due to the fact that intrinsically motivated students are also extrinsically motivated. But on the other note, extrinsically motivated students are seldom found to be intrinsically motivated. Motivating students to become intrinsically motivated is no easy task for teachers. To some students, they enjoy learning. But for the others, this is where is the challenge really comes in. To facilitate material to students "dry" would totally be out of my agenda. I would try to teach to my students to the point where the material becomes alive within them. I to make their minds grow in curiosity of the subject so continual learning can take place. I would do this by means of relating material to what interests the students. I would also put as much energy into my teaching whether it be in my tone of voice, body language, appearance, or all of the above.

the Problem Of Place In America And my Neighborhood: The Breakdown :: essays research papers

"The Problem of Place in America" and "My Neighborhood": The Breakdown of Community WR 121 Paper #2 In Ray Oldenburg's "The Problem of Place in America" and Ishmael Reed's "My Neighborhood" the authors express thier dissatisfaction with the community. Oldenburg focuses on the lack of a "third place" and the effects of consumerism on the suburbs, while Reed recalls his experience with prejudice communities. Their aim is to identify problems in our society that they find to be a problem. Although neither of these authors offer solutions, the fact that these problems are addressed is enough. Some basic similarities between these two authors is they are both attempting to identify problems in our society today. There are many that are ailing our society at this time, yet I agree with them in their deductions. It seems that they have addressed two of the main ills today, prejudice and consumerism. These keep our communities from becoming unified. Fear is one of the prevalent themes in both essays. In Oldenburg's essay the suburbanite fears the unknown, his neighbors. People feel threatened by the size of the communities and they do not know anyone. These is due partly to consumerism, which keeps people indoors. Reed was feared because of the color of his skin. Dogs would bark at him as he walked by, cops would enter his own home to harass him, people would yell racial slurs, and he was even watched closely to make sure that he did not abduct a child off the street. These fears are a result of the media and our society telling us to fear certain types of people. Television often portrays the black man as a dope dealing slander who hangs out on corners with a forty of "Old E." Soon people begin to believe all that they hear and begin to discriminate against others. One glaring difference in the two authors essays is that they both address the same problem yet they touch on differing aspects. Oldenburg talks about the deterioration of the suburbs. One reason is that there is no third place. This is where we come to grips with our lives, relax, and reflect. This could be a community center, a secluded spot in the woods, or a coffee shop at the corner. The problem is that these places simply do not exist in the suburbs. One must get in their car, use gas, and drive to a place of meeting. This means planning out the whole rendezvous point in advance and making sure that the person you want to meet can be there. Consumerism also keeps the community

Language and Violence

The Abstract: This paper will be dealing with the use of Violence and its legitimization through manipulation of language by the state in dealing with â€Å"the other†. In an attempt to investigate the role played by the state, which monopolizes the use of violence for the sake of civilizing its people, inspired by a documentary titled â€Å"where in the World is Osama Bin Laden? †, this paper tries to go beyond spoken and written words to reach a better understanding of this role. It starts by defining the concept of â€Å"violence† and drawing a clear distinction between its meaning and that of other related, but not similar concepts, and specifying the agents of violence, mainly focusing on the state, for the entire paper focuses on its use of violence. Thinking in terms of methodological nationalism, this paper tries to find an answer to how we define ourselves and why do we define anyone outside this â€Å"we† circle as â€Å"the other† and how, as a result, violence became the means of dealing with â€Å"the other†. It then moves to justifying this â€Å"legitimate† use of violence by the state against the other and highlights the important role that language plays in this process. Finally, there is an attempt to understand the usefulness of violence advocated by some against that of the mainstream thinkers and philosophers, accompanied by exploring the role the civil and the global civil society can, and do, play in finding new means of communication and dealing with one another. It comes to the following conclusion: violence as used by individuals before the formation of the state resembles violence as used by the state apparatus, Civility is a myth. The only difference is in the agents, the targets, the interests and the domain where violence is practiced. And for that, an informed, aware and active role should be pursued by the civil society, to curb the use of violence either by the state or by any other actor. The outline: I. Introduction II. Body: Defining violence: What does the concept of violence mean? Making a clear distinction of violence vis a` vis other related concepts Recognizing the agents of violence Defining the â€Å"we† and the â€Å"other†: The constituents of identity The way we perceive ourselves The way we perceive â€Å"the other† Dealing with the â€Å"other†: The psychological mindset The use of violence as a means of dealing with the other The role of language in legitimizing the use of violence: The manipulation of language The reasons behind the manipulation of language Providing a moral cause Avoiding opposition The means by which language is manipulated Dehumanization of violence Replacement of direct descriptors by * euphemistic equivalence The areas where language can be manipulated In the public sphere In the battle field An assessment of the usefulness of violence The role of global and civil society in curbing violence III. Conclusion IV. List of References I. Introduction: â€Å"I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent. †Ã‚  Mahatma Gandhi In an interesting movie called â€Å"where in the world is Osama Bin Laden†? A newly father-to be, fearing that his son comes out to life in such a violent world, decides to set on a mission to track down and kill Osama Bin Laden, the leader of Al Qaida, and the world will thus seize to know violence and will be a fit place for him to raise his son in. He visits Egypt, Morocco, Israel, Palestinian territories, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. He goes around and talks to people there asking them questions like: where is Bin Laden? What do they think of the Americans? How do they view terrorism and the war on it? What do they want in life? And questions of that sort. He didn’t find Bin laden, however what he found was that the people in the countries he visited are ordinary people just like himself and the audience. They are not â€Å"the barbarians† he once thought them to be, they have no desire or interest in using violence against the United States and its citizens, and their goals in life is for them to secure good living conditions for their children, just as the goals of the American newly father to be. This movie inspired me to raise a question, to which I sough of an answer through writing this paper. The question is: Why and how does the state monopolize and legitimize, through manipulation of language that enables it to portray such a barbaric and violent image of the other, its use of Violence against them? I raised this question because of a simple fact: the state was created to â€Å"civilize† people and tame their use of violence, but now I found that this was nothing but a change in the agents of violence, its targets, and the space where it is practiced. I started exploring different ideas, different opinions, and different studies, that were all concerned with violence, language, manipulation, identity, and other concepts related to my topic. Stances and views varied, but I decided on adopting the following position concerning the topic at hand: The state manipulates the use of violence because we’ve willingly subordinated this right to the state; however our consent depends on the manner by which violence is used, for if its illegitimate and goes against our consent, we ill no longer continue to support the state apparatus in its actions; that is why, via the manipulation of language, the state creates an exclusive identity to its people, portrays the other as a threat to this identity, demonize him, and thus legitimizes its use of violence when it’s used by posing it as an act in response to defend the â€Å"we† against the â€Å"other†. If that is so, this led me to raise other questions related to the usefulness of violence, and our role, as active members in a civil society, be it domestic or global, when it comes to violence. To these questions, and to other ones, I try to find answers as follows. II. Body: A. Defining violence: In this section my aim is to clarify what the concept of Violence means, and who has the right to practice it, before I further investigate why we resort to violence in dealing with others and how states and their apparatuses make use of such thing. 1. What does the concept of violence mean? Violence is an extremely wide and complex phenomenon. Defining it is not an exact science but a matter of judgment. Notions of what is acceptable and unacceptable in terms of behavior and what constitutes harm, are culturally influenced and constantly under review as values and social norms evolve, domestically and internationally. Besides, there are many possible ways to define violence, depending on who is defining it, for what purpose, and depending on one’s political orientations and ideological beliefs. Generally speaking, the World Health Organization defines violence as: â€Å"The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. † In this sense, we could distinguish between so many kinds of violence; †¦accumulated violence, cultured violence, self-protective violence, the violence of aggression, the violence of competition, the violence of trying to be somebody, the violence of trying to discipline oneself according to a pattern, trying to become somebody, trying to suppress and bully oneself, brutalize oneself, in order to be non-violent†¦ † 2. Making a clear distin ction of violence vis a` vis other related concepts: It is very important, though, to make a clear distinction between violence and other related concepts to be able to apprehend what violence means. Such keywords include power, strength, force and authority. According to how Hannah Arendt puts it, power is related to the â€Å"ability† to act â€Å"in consent†, thus its existence depends on the group providing such consent, in other words, it depends on legitimacy; Strength is a natural endowment and an inherent property; Force indicates the energy itself that later manifests physically through an act of violence; And authority entails recognition either to a person or to an office; it requires neither coercion nor persuasion. Violence on the other hand is distinguished by its â€Å"instrumental† character; it denotes the physical manifestation itself. . Recognizing the agents of violence: There are many agents of violence; formal and informal, institutionalized and un-institutionalized, state, and non-state agents. However, our only concern in this paper shall be the state and the state apparatus institutionalizing, legitimizing and practicing violence. Typically described in normative terms as a vital necessity of modern life, the nation-state has employed violence to accomplish questionable ends. Its apparatus is charged with committing unprecedented barbarism. Examples of disasters brought about by the nation-state are the extermination of indigenous peoples in colonized territories by â€Å"civilizing† nations, the Nazi genocidal â€Å"holocaust† of Jews, and most recently the â€Å"ethnic cleansing† in the former Yugoslavia, Ruwanda, and so on. Thus from postcolonial perspective, the nation-state and its ideology of nationalism are alleged to have become the chief source of violence and conflict since the French Revolution. In the same vein, Marx regarded the state as an instrument of violence at the command of the ruling class; but the actual power of the ruling class did not consist of, nor rely on violence. It was defined by the role the ruling class played in society, or more exactly, by its role in the process of production. B. Defining the â€Å"we† and the â€Å"other†: In this section I try exploring how identity defragments, divides and thus paves the road for violence to occur. 1. Identity and its constituents: In pre-modern societies, identity was mainly related to affiliations, both in the private and in the public space. Identity depended on the place attributed to each individual by his birth, his lineage or his group. Later on it involved the Legal recognition. However a person was not only a legal or civic entity, but also a moral being with an individual soul. That is why under the influence of postmodernism and debates over multiculturalism, the late 1980s and 1990s found historians, anthropologists, and most of all humanities scholars relying heavily on â€Å"identity† as they explored the cultural politics of race, class, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, citizenship, and other social categories. â€Å"Identity† is presently used in two linked senses, which may be termed â€Å"social† and personal†. In the former sense, an â€Å"identity† refers simply to a social category, a set of persons marked by a label and distinguished by rules deciding membership and characteristic features or attributes. In the second sense of personal identity, an identity is some distinguishing characteristic (or characteristics) that a person takes a special pride in or views as socially consequential but more-or-less unchangeable. It is the social sense of identity that would be of use in this paper; namely the national identity, that denotes the depiction of a country as a whole, encompassing its culture, traditions, language, and politics. It must be noted here that a sense of conflicting identities may result from the presence of multiple identities for the same individual, but the issue of concern here is the â€Å"inter-conflicting identities† rather than the internal conflicts related to identity. 2. The way we perceive ourselves: Since identities are necessarily the product of the society in which we live and our relationship with others, there is therefore a desire and a need to identify with a nation or group; to take up a â€Å"collective identity†, an example of which would be the â€Å"national Identity†, that is described by some as a†self-aware† ethnicity. This way, identity provides a link between individuals and the world in which they live i. e. their state. 3. The way we perceive â€Å"the other†: The individual defines himself, but he also needs â€Å"significant others† to acknowledge this definition. This is the base of the ethic of â€Å"authenticity. † Identity, however, implies definition by negation, inclusion based on exclusion for a â€Å"we† to be present, there has to be an â€Å"other† outside this â€Å"we† circle. Identity, mainly national identity in this case, has been constantly charged of being racist and exclusive, and sometimes even demonizing the other. That is why governments in boosting nationhood and asserting the Nation’s identity are, whether they recognize it or not, advocating more exclusion and hostility in perceiving the other. C. Dealing with the â€Å"other†: What gives rise to violence? Are identities really to be blamed? Or does the problem lie in their manipulation which results in violence being deployed when we deal with different identities? 1. The psychological mindset: To Krishnamurti â€Å"†¦The source of violence is the ‘me’, the ego, the self, which expresses itself in division, in trying to become or be somebody which divides itself as the ‘me’ and the ‘not me’; the ‘me’ that identifies with the family or not with the family, with the community or not with the community and so on.. † . However this doesn’t require that all human beings respond to difference in a violent manner, for it hasn’t been proven that the human nature is in itself violent, and it is believed by many that violence is bred from social interactions. An interesting idea of how violence is a societal creation can be found in the writings of Amartya Sen concerning colonialism. Sen talks about the social memory that colonialism, which is in itself an act of violence, has shaped. General psychological attitude towards the subject people often generated a strong sense of humiliation and imposition of perceived inferiority, one which the subject tries to overcome through hostility and supporting acts of violence against the humiliator. Franz Fanon also subscribes to such a view on colonialism, and sees that it is healthy to use violence to get rid of colonialism, which is again, an act of violence in itself to begin with. 2. The use of violence as a means of dealing with the other: â€Å"†¦ Violence in postcolonial discourse is thus deployed to suppress difference or negate multiple â€Å"others† not subsumed within totalities such as nation, class, gender, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Everything that man has put to another man, belief, dogma, rituals, my country, your country, your god and my god, my opinion, your opinion, my ideal. All those help to divide human beings and therefore breed violence. This is due to our tendency of adopting a spaceless and timeless conception of culture, which is linked either to the identity or to the belief system of the others; a form of stereotyping if you might say. Thus Violence is embedded in the dialectic of identity and Otherness. This is something that governments not only understand, but try to make use of to achieve its interests. D. The role of language in legitimizing the use of violence by the state: 1. The manipulation of language: According to George Orwell, â€Å"Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. † Therefore those who are charged with committing violence on behalf of the state will adopt language designed to obscure from themselves or the people, the reality of what violence they do on their behalf. Generally speaking, Language is an instrument for expressing and not for concealing or preventing thought. However it is an instrument which we shape for our own purposes as well. And as Hegel puts it, when we think, we think in language against language, which implies that selective language will lead to selective ideas formed and advocated. This is why language itself, the very medium of non-violence and of mutual recognition, involves unconditional violence. This manipulation of language involves: â€Å"†¦ enhancing the power, moral superiority and credibility of the speaker(s), and discrediting dissidents, while vilifying the others, the enemy; the use of emotional appeals; and adducing seemingly irrefutable proofs of one’s beliefs and reasons†¦ By manipulating the language, the government wishes to alter the public’s way of thinking. This can be done, psychologists theorize, because the words that are available for the purpose of communicating thought tend to influence the way people think. The linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf was a firm believer in this link between thought and language, and he theorized that â€Å"different language s impose different conceptions of reality†. Habermas also pondered upon the role which language plays in masking political interests with apparently sophisticated terms. This distortion of communication and misuse of concepts, in his opinion, might be the reason that has brought about violence in the first place as a manifestation to such distorted communication. a) The reasons behind the manipulation of language: The reasons why language can and does get manipulated by the apparatus of the state when it comes to violence are many, and they vary according to the situation. But mainly because Violence absorbs power, and lessens authority when it’s used, that is why providing a justification for the use of violence and legitimizing it is important. Here, it might be useful to distinguish between â€Å"justification† and â€Å"legitimization†; (i) Providing a moral cause; Justification: We find the state using terms like â€Å"national security†, â€Å"defensive war†, â€Å"maintaing peace and security†, â€Å"spreading democracy†, etc. But the use of such terms is supported by good reasons and arguments; it is consistent and attempts to place such ideas at the core of its concerns. This way, the state is attempting to â€Å"justify† its use of violence, i. e. roves it has good reasons for using it, which is closely linked to the following reason; (ii) Avoiding opposition; Legitimization: When these moral causes succeed in convincing the public, through its appeal to fundamental values and claims, appeals to the emotions of the masses, and its reliance on ungrounded cultural prejudices and inconsistent doctrines, the state manages to â€Å"legitimizes† as well as â€Å"jus tifies† its use of violence, i. e. the state not only has good reasons why it is using violence, but it managed to convince the masses with these reasons as well. This way the monopoly of the state over the use of violence cant not to be questioned, threatened or shared by others. b) The means by which language is manipulated: (i) Dehumanization of violence: â€Å"Terrorists, Fundamentalist, Extremists, Seditionists, Rebel, Communists†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These and other terms perform the role of the â€Å"distancing of humanity†, but they also are designed for other purposes. These terms have persuasive power to allow the directors of violence to feel comfortable with the human destruction for which they are opting. It suggests that those toward whom the state directs its violence are either irrational (and thus diplomacy or persuasion are impossible) or have objectives (â€Å"the destruction of the people’s way of life†). (ii) Replacement of direct descriptors by â€Å"euphemistic equivalence†: Euphemism is an expression intended by the speaker to be less offensive, disturbing, or troubling to the listener than the word or phrase it replaces. So for instance we call it â€Å"collateral damage† when it means unintentional killing or damage; bystander deaths and injuries. But because collateral damage sounds less troubling, and more likely for the people to accept than â€Å"unintentional killing or damage†, it is used by the state to justify sometimes the results of its use of violence and what it has brought about. That is why we find government officials and politicians talking about just wars, liberation, war on terror, national security, and so forth, instead of just explicitly mentioning the truth behind their use of violence against others. c) The areas where language can be manipulated: (i) In the public sphere: The heart of the terms used in the public sphere stress ideological or political otherness, where the use of language is indirect and emotionally distancing. The state apparatus does all it can to deny that the violence of conflict is occurring, suggesting that â€Å"areas† are being secured rather than people killed, that violence is being prevented rather than initiated by its actions and that its ends are always just rather than self-serving. (ii) In the battle field: The heart of the terms used for the â€Å"enemy† on the battlefield arise primarily from the racial, ethnic or personal otherness of the opponent. There is no place for the persuasive or the justificatory on the battlefield; the situation on the battlefield is understood as follows: â€Å"kill or be killed†. The requirement of the manipulation of language at the point of conflict is therefore to reinforce hatred and distance so that violence can be pursued without real threat to the mental health of the soldier, which would be in danger if the humanity of the opponent were fully absorbed. Thus in the field, language will serve to dehumanize the other while in the public sphere the language will be designed to convince us that our violence toward others is justified. That is why the â€Å"National identity† card and related usage of language are used by the state to legitimize its actions within a delimited territory, to insure mobilization and coordination of policy. E. An assessment of the usefulness of violence: I have tried to expose how the state makes use of identity, difference and language to pursue its interests through deploying violence against â€Å"the other†. But does it follow that this process performed by the state is an evil one, or can it be a useful one with good coming out of it? In a series of lectures at the College de France in the 1970s, Michel Foucault put forward the interesting hypothesis that history is actually the history of violence. Foucault’s ideas on history indicate that we do not enjoy democratic privileges due to some divine decree: rather, they are the product of successful wars and civil struggles; the result of â€Å"successful violence†. The pioneers of Post-colonialism like Edward Said, Franz Fanon, among others, concerned themselves with the social and cultural effect of colonization. Fanon looked at violence in positive terms. His engagement with decolonizing violence was a form of a strategic response of subjugated peoples to the inhumane violence of colonial racism and imperial subjugation. Fanon was very clear in his message, the struggle for power in colonized states will be resolved only through violent struggle, because the colonized states were created and are maintained by the use of violence or the threat of violence, it is a necessity that it will take violence to reverse these power relationships. However, according to Edward Said's reading of Fanon’s â€Å"liberationist† critique, nationalism is always a tool of the hegemonic oppressor and holds no socially emancipatory potential. This leads us to the following conclusion, that violence is the mediation that enables state power to prevail, for good or for bad. It cannot be eliminated by counter-violence that simply inverts it. The state's hierarchical structure is made possible because of this institutionalized violence that privileges the hegemony of a bloc of classes over competing blocs and their alternative programs. But hegemony is always underwritten by coercion. Thus as Max Weber puts it, the state monopoly of legitimate violence would be used to defend private property and promote the overseas interests of the domestic business class. An opinion which is also shared by Marx and Engels who defines violence as the accelerator of economic development. These are not only the world of theories, but a truth backed up by evidence. This evidence can be tracked down as far as the nation-state itself wasn’t still created. However since I am interested in investigation the use of violence by the nation state, then if we look at the colonial experience, the two world wars, the cold war and the war on terror, we will know that the state did not used violence as it should have done. I will not use the term â€Å"misused†, but I would rather question the ends to which the state has deployed violence, and I will question the justifications and arguments it gave to legitimize its actions. And if the state is such a questionable agent of violence, and if already its monopoly of it has been breached by informal, outlawed or legitimate non-state actors, this means that we are in a serious need of not only questioning, but reviewing the concept of violence, its use and its agents. For this, scholars like Heba Raouf and Mary Kaldor think that there is a powerful case for questioning the state’s monopoly of â€Å"legitimate† violence, and suggest placing the use of force by the state under greater constraints, not only that, but to take over the â€Å"civilizing role† that the state has failed to achieve. F. The role of global and civil society in curbing violence: The prospects of peace are dependent upon the institutionalization of traditions of dialogue. And it is precisely here that civil society agents can play a vital role by bringing people together and invoking understandings that are common across difference. Basically, humankind has been rendered â€Å"civil† because violence was tamed. And violence was tamed because states had acquired, as Max Weber argued, a monopoly of violence; the modern state replaces violence by order and authority and firmly controlled the production and reproduction of violence. But this has been fundamentally challenged by the pervasive violence that infiltrates all corners of a globalised world; all controls and all norms that prescribe when the use of violence is permitted and for what reasons have been lifted. â€Å".. The employment of violence at any time and at any place sends a powerful message, no one agent howsoever powerful this agent may be, can control the use of violence, or penalize the perpetrator of violence. Violence has escaped all restraints, all monitors, and all notions of where the use of violence is legitimate and where it is illegitimate, where it is sanctioned and where it is not sanctioned. Today there is no recognized owner of violence, the adversary is unrecognizable, the goals are unclear, and the site where violence will be consumed is unknown†¦ † Therefore, civil societies are caught between two kinds of violence; that employed by trans-state and sub-state agents, and the violence of the state. A way out and a means to counter such violence appears to be in the development of a culture of civility. This happens when members of the civil society address the phenomenon of violence, intolerance and even hate, as the notion of civil society is based upon a peaceful world which is marked by the spirit of dialogue, negotiation, compromise, and coordination. This dialogue means recognizing the â€Å"other† in a conversation, and validating his moral standing. Thus civil society is important because the values of civil society encourage dialogue. But the limits of civil society have to be understood. And one of these limits is institutionalized violence within the state that has led to the breakdown of dialogue, thus making civility and toleration mere dreams. On a wider level, the Global Civil Society would have the mission of recapturing the power of language, regaining its â€Å"civilizing† role, providing a forum for deliberative democracy, re-rooting legitimacy in civil society, and highlighting the importance of the â€Å"politics of presence† rather than the â€Å"politics of representation†. III. Conclusion: A lot of theoretical debates and concepts could lead us to talking about violence and boil down to it, because violence is too wide a subject, too complex and debatable a concept that is intertwined and tangled in our everyday life affairs. The attempt of this paper was to try to investigate and explore the conditions that are responsible, if not single handedly, but to a great extent, for setting the conditions for violence to be practiced. I didn’t involve myself in questions related to human nature, and whether violence is something innate or socially created, I rather tried exploring it from the â€Å"we† and the â€Å"other† point of view, that can and does have both innate and social roots. With such conditions set for violence, it’s only a matter of who practices it. I picked the state as an agent of violence, and tried to highlight why and how it manipulates language when it uses violence to achieve its interests. The conclusion I reached was unfortunately the one I had in mind when I first started thinking about this topic. Violence did not disappear with the rise of the nation-state, it only took different forms, sometimes even more devastating than it used to be before its use was subordinated to the state, and it penetrated different domains and corners in our life. Different situations came to being, different language was used, different arguments and different debates, but the fact remained: violence did not disappear, it was not curbed, and the state did not â€Å"civilize† the people. That is where and why our role comes. Not that I advocate the complete incompetence of the state in achieving its â€Å"civilizing† mission, but I do believe that we, as citizens, as individuals and as human beings, should engage in this process as well, not because we are bound by a social contract to do so, but because we are part of this process, we can stop, alter, change, direct and correct its path when we feel it has gone out of its lane. Our engagement should take different forms and be on different levels. On one level and in one form it can be through monitoring the manipulation of language conducted by the state apparatus, on another one it can protesting against it when it fails in curbing the use of violence, it can be in the form or raising awareness and spreading a culture of negotiation, communication and tolerance, trying to understand one another, instead of dealing with those outside the designated â€Å"acceptable† identities, as the other, and the list can go on and on forever. That is our mission as citizens of the nation-state, and as citizens of the world. Because after all, as Spurlock concluded in his movie â€Å"where in the world is Osama Bin Laden? †, we are not so different after all, and our similarities are more than our differences. We just have to understand and tolerate both. IV. List of References: Books: * Arendt, Hannah. On Violence. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, INC. , 1969. * Edwards, John. Language and identity. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2009. * Gaus, Gerald F. Political Concepts and Political Theories. United States: WestView Press, 2000. * Sen, Amartya. Identity and violence, the illusion of destiny. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. Books online: * Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Grove, 1963. http://ls. poly. edu/~jbain/socphil/socphillectures/F. Fanon. pdf (19th of May, 2010) * Krishnamurti, Jiddu. Beyond Violence. India: Krishnamurti Foundation, 2002. http://www. scribd. com/doc/6568712/Beyond-Violence-Violence-Chapter6 (19th of May, 2010) * R. P. Lorin. â€Å"History of violence† in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Bhavioral Sciences. ELscier Science ltd. , 2001. http://www. scribd. com/doc/12497335/Violence-History-Of (19th of May, 2010) Reports: * Ezzat, Heba Raouf, and Mary Klador. â€Å"Not even a tree: delegitimizing violence and the prospects for pre-emptive civility†. Global Civil Society. Reports – Online: * â€Å"World Report on Violence and Health: Summary†, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, 2002, p. 4, http://www. who. int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en. pdf (18th of May, 2010) Articles in Journals – Online: * Ashley, Larry. â€Å"The language of violence†. Peace Studies Journal (Vol. 1 Issue 1) Fall 2008. www. peacestudiesjournal. org/archive/Ashley. doc (19th of May, 2010) * Fairchild, Halford H. Frantz Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth in Contemporary Perspective†. Journal of Black Studies (Vol. 25, No. 2) December 1994. http://www. jstor. org/pss/2784461 (19th of May, 2010) * Orwell, George. â€Å"Politics and the English language†. The journal Horizon (Vol. 13, Issue 76) (1946): 252-265. http://www. scribd. co m/doc/65590/Politics-English-language (19th of May, 2010) * Zizek, slavoj. â€Å"Language violence and non-violence†. International Journal of Zizek Studies (Vol. 2, Issue 3) http://www. scribd. com/doc/12605279/language-violnce-and-non-violence (18th of May, 2010) Online Publications: Chandhoke, Neera. Is violence constitutive of civil society?. The London school of Economics and Political Science (NGPA) Program, 13th July, 2007. http://www. lse. ac. uk/collections/NGPA/publications/WP_Violence_Civil_Society_Web. pdf (18th of May, 2010) * Fearon, James D. †What is Identity? †. Department of Political Science, Stanford University, November 3rd, 1999. http://www. stanford. edu/~jfearon/papers/iden1v2. pdf (18th of May, 2010) * Juan, E. San Jr. â€Å"Nationalism, the postcolonial state, and violence†, Center for the Humanities, Wesleyan University. http://www. leftcurve. rg/LC26WebPages/Nationalism. html (18th of May, 2010) * Manjula, B. â€Å"Identity and C ulture†. Centre for Media and Cultural Studies, http://www. scribd. com/doc/4119098/Identity-and-Culture (19th of May, 2010) * Van Dijk, Teun A. â€Å"Discourse and manipulation†, Discourse and society, Sage publications, 2006. http://das. sagepub. com/cgi/content/short/17/3/359 (19th of May, 2010) Web Sites: * Berkes, Jem, â€Å"Language as the â€Å"Ultimate Weapon† in Nineteen Eighty-Four†, May 9, 2000, http://www. sysdesign. ca/archive/berkes_1984_language. html (19th of May, 2010) * De Benoist, Alain, â€Å"On Identity†, ttp://www. scribd. com/doc/3323754/On-Identity-Alain-de-Benoist (18th of May, 2010) * â€Å"A History of Violence†, http://www. scribd. com/doc/937601/Foucault-and-Pinker-on-Violence (19th of May, 2010) * â€Å"Questions of identity: What is identity? †, the Open University, http://openlearn. open. ac. uk/mod/resource/view. php? id=176757 (18th of May, 2010) * â€Å"Questions of Identity: who am I? †, the O pen University, http://openlearn. open. ac. uk/mod/resource/view. php? id=176759 (18th of May, 2010) * http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/national+identity (20th of May, 2010) * http://jcomm. uoregon. du/~tbivins/J496/readings/LANGUAGE/euphemism_defandlist. pdf (19th of May, 2010) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"World Report on Violence and Health: Summary†, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, 2002, p. 4, http://www. who. int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en. pdf (18th of May, 2010) [ 2 ]. ibid. [ 3 ]. Jiddu Krishnamurti, Beyond Violence (India: Krishnamurti Foundation, 2002) , pp. 3-4 http://www. scribd. com/doc/6568712/Beyond-Violence-Violence-Chapter6 (19th of May, 2010) [ 4 ]. Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, INC. , 1969), pp 43-46. 5 ]. E. San Juan, Jr. , â€Å"Nationalism, the postcolonial state, an d violence†, Center for the Humanities, Wesleyan University, http://www. leftcurve. org/LC26WebPages/Nationalism. html (18th of May, 2010) [ 6 ]. Hannah Arendt, ibid, p. 11, http://www. uc. edu/nationfamilystate/Authors/Hannah%20Arendt/HAOnViolence1. pdf (19th of May, 2010) [ 7 ]. Alain de Benoist, â€Å"On Identity†, pp. 9-10, http://www. scribd. com/doc/3323754/On-Identity-Alain-de-Benoist (18th of May, 2010) [ 8 ]. James D. Fearon ,†What is Identity? †, Department of Political Science, Stanford University, November 3rd, 1999, p. 4, http://www. stanford. du/~jfearon/papers/iden1v2. pdf (18th of May, 2010) [ 9 ]. http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/national+identity (20th of May, 2010) [ 10 ]. â€Å"Questions of identity: What is identity? †, the Open University, http://openlearn. open. ac. uk/mod/resource/view. php? id=176757 (18th of May, 2010) [ 11 ]. â€Å"Questions of Identity: who am I? †, the Open University, http://openlearn. open . ac. uk/mod/resource/view. php? id=176759 (18th of May, 2010) [ 12 ]. John Edwards, Language and identity, (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 162. [ 13 ]. â€Å"Questions of Identity: who am I? †, ibid. [ 14 ]. Alain de Benosit, Ibid, p. 5. [ 15 ]. E. San Juan, Jr. , ibid. [ 16 ]. J. Krishnamurti, ibid, p. 4. [ 17 ]. Sen, Amartya, Identity and violence, the illusion of destiny (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006), pp. 85, 89. [ 18 ]. Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, Trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove, 1963), http://ls. poly. edu/~jbain/socphil/socphillectures/F. Fanon. pdf (10th of May, 2010) [ 19 ]. E. San Juan, Jr. , ibid. [ 20 ]. Ibid, p. 12. [ 21 ]. Ezzat, Heba Raouf, and Mary Klador. â€Å"Not Even a Tree: Delegitimizing Violence and the Prospects for Pre-emptive Civility†, Global Civil Society, p. 24 [ 22 ]. E. San Juan, Jr. , ibid. 23 ]. George Orwell, â€Å"Politics and the English language†, The journal Horizo n, Vol. 13, Issue 76, (1946), p. 9, http://www. scribd. com/doc/65590/Politics-English-language (19th of May, 2010) [ 24 ]. Ashley, Larry, â€Å"The Language of Violence†, Peace Studies Journal, Vol. 1 Issue 1, (Fall 2008), p. 84, www. peacestudiesjournal. org/archive/Ashley. doc (19th of May, 2010) [ 25 ]. George Orwell, ibid, p. 9. [ 26 ]. slavoj Zizek, â€Å"Language violence and non-violence†, International Journal of Zizek Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 3, p. 11, http://www. scribd. com/doc/12605279/language-violnce-and-non-violence (19th of May, 2010) [ 27 ]. bid, p. 2 [ 28 ]. Teun A. Van Dijk, â€Å"Discourse and manipulation†, Discourse and society, Sage publications, 2006 ,p. 380, http://das. sagepub. com/cgi/content/short/17/3/359 (19th of May, 2010) [ 29 ]. Jem Berkes, â€Å"Language as the â€Å"Ultimate Weapon† in Nineteen Eighty-Four†, May 9, 2000, http://www. sysdesign. ca/archive/berkes_1984_language. html (19th of May, 2010) [ 30 ]. Heba R aouf Ezzat, and Mary Klador, Ibid, p. 21 [ 31 ]. Hannah Arendt, ibid, p. 46. [ 32 ]. Gerald F. Gaus, Political Concepts and Political Theories, Tulance University, (United States: WestView Press, 2000) , p. 39 [ 33 ]. ibid [ 34 ]. ttp://jcomm. uoregon. edu/~tbivins/J496/readings/LANGUAGE/euphemism_defandlist. pdf (19th of May, 2010), [ 35 ]. Ashley, Larry, ibid, p. 81. [ 36 ]. Ibid, p. 84. [ 37 ]. E. San Juan, Jr. , ibid [ 38 ]. â€Å"A History of Violence†, http://www. scribd. com/doc/937601/Foucault-and-Pinker-on-Violence (19th of May, 2010) [ 39 ]. B. Manjula, â€Å"Identity and Culture†, Centre for Media and Cultural Studies, p. 9, http://www. scribd. com/doc/4119098/Identity-and-Culture (19th of May, 2010) [ 40 ]. Halford H. Fairchild, â€Å"Frantz Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth in Contemporary Perspective†, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2 (December 1994), Sage Publications, p. 192, http://www. jstor. org/pss/2784461 (19th of May, 2010) [ 41 ]. E. San Juan, Jr. , ibid. [ 42 ]. Ibid. [ 43 ]. Hannah Arendt, Ibid, P. 9. [ 44 ]. Heba Raouf, and Mary Lakdour, Ibid, p. 21 [ 45 ]. Neera Chandhoke, â€Å"Is violence constitutive of civil society? †, The London school of Economics and Political Science (NGPA) program, 13th July, 2007, p. 39, http://www. lse. ac. uk/collections/NGPA/publications/WP_Violence_Civil_Society_Web. pdf (19th of May, 2010) [ 46 ]. ibid, p. 40 [ 47 ]. Ibid, p. 41 [ 48 ]. Ibid, pp. 42 [ 49 ]. Heba Raouf, Mary Kaldor, ibid, p. 36