Coronary Artery Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coronary Artery Disease - Research Paper Example It is established that LDL or Low-density lipoproteins are chiefly atherogenic in nature. On the other hand high-density lipoproteins or HDLs are defensive lipids as they aid in LDL metabolism. On oxidation LDLs become tougher to metabolize and become cytotoxic leading to endothelial injury (Pollard, 2009). Chronic Endothelial injury Hypothesis- Endothelium protection and its repair is performed by glycosaminoglycan or GAGs, when GAGs become weak, atherosclerosis is instigated. The process is promoted due to exposure of endothelial cells and free-radical damage. As damage of endothelial lining is initiated the site promotes the permeability of plasma constituents especially the lipoproteins. Thus oxidized LDLs are capable of damaging the endothelial lining of the cells which results in the formation of plaque (Stephen, 2011). When the endothelial cells are injured, the macrophages present in the blood move around from the blood circulation. The inner side of the artery forms a layer called layer of intima. Consequently, smooth muscles join intima along with connective tissue as well as lipids present inside as well as outside the cells to generate a plaque. This brings about union as well as accumulation of platelets, as well as release various growth regulating factors to amplify the procedure ensuing obstruction of the lumen of the artery, leading to thrombus establishment (Mottillo, 2010). Mottillo, S., Filion, K. B., Genest, J., Joseph, L., Pilote, L., Poirier, P., Rinfret, S., Schiffrin, E. L., Eisenberg, M. J. (2010). The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, 56(14), 1113- 1132. Stephen D. Wiviott, Marcus D. Flather, Michelle L. ODonoghue, Shinya Goto, Desmond J. Fitzgerald, Fernando Cura, Philip Aylward, Victor Guetta, Dariusz Dudek, Charles F. Contant, Dominick J. Angiolillo, Deepak L. Bhatt.

How does financial crisis affect currency Research Paper

How does financial crisis affect currency - Research Paper Example The levels of blame on the causes of the disaster were assigned partly to financial institutions, consumers, credit agencies, government housing policies, and regulators. The most proximate cause, however, was the rise in subprime lending (Blinder, 2013). It was difficult to understand how the collapse of the sub-prime mortgage threatened to collapse the US financial system and the economy. The governments had to inject trillions of taxpayers’ dollars into the financial systems and still, especially in the US, people lost their homes, savings and jobs. The collapse of the housing bubble was the spark that ignited the chain of events that eventually brought the fall of the 2008 crisis. The collapse was fueled by easy and available credit, low interest rates, toxic mortgages, and scant regulations. This means that there were trillions of dollars embedded in the risky mortgages throughout the system. As the mortgage related securities got sold to the investors around the world, packaged and repackaged, there was a lot of money embedded in the risky business. Markets and financial institutions that had been exposed to these mortgages and that had borrowed heavily against them suffered losses worth billions of dollars in the mortgages, as well as their related securities. The losses were magnified by synthetic securities and other derivatives not only in the US, but also around the globe. Through this, the trading ground was brought to a halt and the stock market plummeted, plunging the economy into a deep recession. The effects of the financial crisis were universal mainly due to the financial markets being globalized, as well as the existence of technology, which transformed the speed, efficiency and complexity of financial transactions and instruments. Many great economies reported the worst market declines after the twin towers’ crisis of September 11th,

Project Integration Management Interview Management Essay

Project Integration Management Interview Management Essay To see a project through to a success completion, there are various processes and methods needed to provide a structure within which to work. Based on best practice, the Project Management Institute (PMI) has established a general guide to areas, the understanding of which, are essential to the successful, on time completion of a project. These areas of expertise are detailed in A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2008), published by the Project Management Institute. These areas are known as the Project Management Body of Knowledge or PMBOK and include such topics as the management of project integration, scope, time, cost, quality, human resources, communications, risk and procurement. This report covers one knowledge area from both the Core and Facilitating Functions of the PMBOK in relation to an interview with Jason Duigou, an experienced Project Manager. This interview is contained within the book IT Project Management: On Track from Start to Finish (Phillips, J. 2002). The area of Project Integration Management is also considered. The interview illustrates that Mr Duigou considers certain areas of Project Management to be especially important. Foremost amongst his recommendations is ongoing regular communication between the team members and close supervision from the Project Manager. He recommends that the correct tools be available to the Project Manager to facilitate the communication process between the Project Manager and between the team members. Project Integration Management As the ninth area of knowledge within the PMBOK, successful Project Integration Management is determined by all the other elements of the project. The Project Managers knowledge of PMBOK is essential to the final, timely integration and delivery of the project. The interview emphasises the four core areas of project management which need to be integrated into a final comprehensive product. In the interview, Mr Duigou strongly recommends that the scope, time and cost constraints are thoroughly discussed amongst all the stake holders at the outset to ensure the final integration of the project goes smoothly and delivers the fourth core requirement, a quality product. Mr Duigou states verify that all questions regarding the plan have been addressed before the implementation and provide a clear understanding of the objectives, roles and responsibilities of all resources during the project (Phillips, J. 2002). Managing the scope of the project is extremely important to the successful completion of the project. Many projects may fail as a result of becoming bigger or more complex than was originally planned. The scope of the project has to be completed within a finite time span. Time management is one of the three elements referred to as the triple constraints, together with cost and quality. Extending the time on a project usually means the cost will increase. The Project Manager is accountable to the client for keeping within the budgetary constraints of the project. Contingency funds should be built into the financial plan to cover unexpected cost blow outs. Mr Duigou suggests that contracting certain elements of a project is a good way to achieve results when working on a limited budget. Core Function Cost Cost management is one of the core issues covered in the PMBOK. It is one of the major elements, if not the major element that determines the outcome of the project, for without sufficient funds, the project may falter. Most companies have limited capital to dedicate to their projects and may have other initiatives competing for valuable resources. Mr Duigou suggests in the interview that the project manager must have the right tools for the job to provide dynamic data at any time to enable the project manager to proactively monitor the project including budget and expenses as they are reported. He states that without such tools and efficient communication, the project manager may be ambushed by unexpected demands made on the original budget by unforseen events outside the control of the project team. There are various cost management tools that can be employed to help keep control over this area. These tools may include but are not limited to return on investment, payback analysis, net present value, earned value management, cost estimates and baselines. Describe knowledge area Identify processes of knowledge area Establish connection between interview and knowledge area processes Impact of this area on project management Facilitating Function Communication Communication is a key success factor in all projects. Poor communication often leads to the failure of the project. The PMI has determined that the Project Manager may spend up to eighty nine percent of their time engaged in communication of various forms. The communication process encompasses the collection and generation of information together with project information storage. It is critical for the Project Manager to disseminate information during all phases of the project to all stakeholders. Equally, team members need to provide status reports between themselves and the Manager at frequent and regular intervals. The interview with Mr Duigou illustrates that this experienced Project Manager considers communication to be essential to the successful completion of the project. Mr Duigou states continual communication and commitment on the part of each unit is absolutely necessary in order for the data to be current and accurate. He recommends the use of software to assist in communication and to facilitate project integration. He also emphasises in the interview the importance of timely and effective communication to resolve team disagreements and maintain the teams focus on the goal. He feels that disagreements are often the result of inadequate or unclear communication and can be dealt with by addressing communication issues in a judicious manner before they lead to major problems which may jeopardise the quality and timely delivery of the project. Conclusion This report has looked briefly at the area of Project Management Integration, the core function of cost and the facilitating function of communication in relation to an interview conducted with an experienced Project Manager. An analysis of this interview shows that Mr. Duigou feels that certain areas of the core functions assume a higher priority than others when considering the successful completion of a project. Foremost amongst the most necessary functions is the regular, clear communication between all stakeholders. In the beginning of the plan, all questions, from all parties need to be answered as accurately as possible to facilitate the formation of a clear goal. He also recommends that this be followed up by frequent, close supervision by the project manager, either by face to face meetings when teams are in close physical proximity or by the use of shared electronic project management tools when teams are separated geographically. Mr Duigou considers that keeping a team focused and motivated can be one of the most challenging aspects of delivering a quality project on time. He states that giving team members positive feedback in the form of recognition and praise when they meet or exceed expectations is essential to counteract the tendency to lose motivation, especially on long term projects. This can be considered to be part of good communication. The core function of project cost management is the other issue highlighted in the interview. The management of cost and unexpected budget stress is intertwined with the issue of clear and timely communication of any potential change to the scope and available resources of the project. The project manager needs to be able to proactively monitor expenditures so as not to be taken by surprise, as far as possible, by unexpected changes to any of the core areas. It would be difficult to determine which is most important communication or budget, for without sufficient funds and resources the objective will not be reached. The same can be said for communication between the stakeholders. Misunderstandings regarding the four core areas of project management are inevitable if communication is infrequent and close supervision by the Project Manager is lacking.

Employee Motivation Essay -- Work Job Employee Motivation Management

Employee Motivation INTRODUCTION In the quest to obtain the maximum from employees and achieve organizational success, employers recognised the need to acknowledge that people have complex needs. With the growing affluence of our society, Singaporeans of today are no longer solely driven by money but also challenges inherent in their responsibility. This is supported by our Senior Minister Goh who recently commented that Singaporeans prefer the experience of working abroad than locally as the foreign employer advocate the importance of not only work, but also the employee’s needs.(TODAY, 15 March 07). Before discussing the motivational strategies, a simplistic approach will be taken, using Hackman Oldham’s Job Characteristics Model, which defines the workforce into two categories. The first category consist of staff in job settings which are low in skill variety, task identity, task significance, low autonomy and feedback and followed by staff in complicated job settings with scorer high in all fronts (Robbins, Millet, Waters-Marsh, 2004). GOAL SETTING / EXPECTANCY THEORY â€Å"Specific hard goals produce a higher level of output than does the generalised goal of ‘do your best† (Robbins, 2003). This statement defines Edwin Locke’s goal-setting theory which advocates giving employees clear targets so that they are aware of what needs to be done and how much effort to be expended. While easier goals are more readily accepted, difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance as the specificity of goals itself acts as an internal stimulus. Also, people tend to perform better when timely feedback is provided (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, and Martin, 2005). When applied to individuals who are motivated by inhe... ...cShane, S and Glinow, MA 2003, Organisational Behaviour, McGraw-Hill, New York. McShane, S and Travaglione, T 2007, Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Robbins, SP 2003, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Sydney Robbins, SP, Millet, B, and Waters-Marsh, T, 2004, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice-Hall, Sydney Wood, J, Chapman, K, Fromholtz, M, Morrison, V, Wallace, J, Zeffane, R, Kennedy, R, Schermerhorn, J, Hunt, J and Osborn, R 2004, Organisational Behaviour: A Global Perspective, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane. Internet References â€Å"Singapore leaking talent† http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/specialreport/news/264096_8/1/.html Fortune’s â€Å"Best companies to work for.†http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8397996/index.htm AIA Singapore http://www.aia.com.sg/Content.asp?ca_typeid=4

Lady Macbeth’s Diary Essay

At the beginning of today I was received a letter from my dear husband, Macbeth he told me of how he was triumphant in both battles, with his day of success being ended with predictions of his future by â€Å"Three Weird Sisters†. Who the hailed him with Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and king hereafter. It is said they have more than mortal knowledge and if this prediction came true I shalt be Queen! Macbeth tells me later he found out from a messenger from the King he was to be the new Thane of Cawdor, the prediction had come true in a matter of minutes. The other prediction must come true too and I shalt make it. A messenger then came and told me that the king was coming to our castle tonight! This was our chance to kill King Duncan! I wished to me made unsexed and I called upon the spirits to help me become evil and full of direst cruelty. I also asked for my women’s breasts to be filled with gall. I must with Macbeth do the deed but I want no remorse I must be evil from hereafter! I told Macbeth what we are to do and I know he is weak so he must be strong like me and become an innocent flower but be a serpent under it. He isn’t sure about killing Duncan but he must go through with it. He deserves to be King and I need to be Queen! I told him I would make the plan as I know he is too full of human kindness but I would still have to use threatening and harsh persuasion to convince him. Everything was ready yet Macbeth the fool that he was left Duncan’s chamber to tell me in a weak voice that ‘we shall proceed no further in this business’ I had to tell him what a coward he was and how he would do it if he loved me. But he fell for it yet again the sweetie! He will soon become evil like me and we can become a partnership as we were meant. To persuade him to do this murder I told him how un- man he was and he backed away not yet convinced. But I told Macbeth how he knows how much I love the baby that milks me but if I had promised so to him as he has done to me. How I would as it was smiling in my face have plucked my nipple from its boneless gums and killed it. (I used the word dashed its brains out to make it more terrifying for him) Yet I convinced him and he rose upwards and forward with me in a partnership of evil to kill Duncan. He even thought about planting the daggers on the drunken guards so it would be more obvious it was them! He has gone now to try and do it. I just hope he does actually go through with this deed and doesn’t manage to get caught or give it away! Even if he gets caught I shall be Queen it just means I don’t need a coward like him!

Marijuana Should Be Banned

Marijuana is a type of harmful drug that is made from the plant called cannabis, and it’s the illegal in most areas around the world. It’s usually smoked as a cigarette or in a pipe. Many people believe that marijuana should be banned because it has bad effects on brain and body. However, others think that everybody deserves the freedom to use marijuana. Whether or not marijuana should be banned is one of the most controversial topics. First of all, many people argue that marijuana can be use as a type of medicine to treat cancer or AIDS.However, marijuana can be very addictive. When the users are addicted to marijuana, it is very hard to quit. It begins to control their lives. In order to overcome the addiction, they have to practice abstinence, which is extremely difficult because it causes sleeplessness, anxiety, or depression. Therefore, it’s better not to use marijuana than practicing abstinent. Also, it increases heart rate and bad for our lungs. Secondly, people support marijuana because it is a very popular agricultural product.The countries that sell marijuana will have more money. However, many Americans believe that the use of drugs is morally wrong. If marijuana is known as a type of drug, the use of marijuana is immoral. In some religions such as Buddhism, taking drugs is against the religious codes as well. Next, it is individuals’ choices and rights to decide whether or not they should use marijuana. The government has no right to prohibit the use of marijuana as long as it doesn’t harm other people except those that use marijuana.People who want marijuana to be banned strongly believe that crime and violence in America increase due to the illegal buying and selling of this substance. If the government prohibits it, there will be less crime, and it will be safer for the society. In conclusion, after looking at both sides, I think marijuana should be banned. Therefore, it is safer for everybody. In my opinion, th e use of drug is never right. It makes the users happy, but it can destroy their lives if they can’t quit. It’s the effect after taking marijuana that matters.

Primary Timber Products Harvested When Selling Trees

Primary Timber Products Harvested When Selling Trees The value of the timber you ultimately sell at harvest time is linked to the value of the products these trees can make. Normally, as the size of individual trees in a timber stand increase in height and diameter, the more valuable that stand becomes as more product classes become available. Trees growing into a more valuable class is what foresters call ingrowth and is continually happening over the life of a managed forest. When a strand is properly managed, the best tree species with the highest potential quality are left to grow into high value pine and hardwood sawtimber and veneer and pine poles upon final harvest. Thinnings in these stands can start as early as 15 years to select and remove lower quality trees with lower but substantial values. These lower-valued products come in the form of pulpwood, superpulp, and chip-n-saw and typically comprise the early thinnings. Product classes are generally defined by their size in the form of their diameter. Foresters express the diameter measurement in terms of diameter measured at breast height (DBH). Here are the major product classes defined on a typical timber sale contract: Pulpwood: Considered the least valuable product at the time of a tree sale, pulpwood is of primary importance when thinning a stand. It has value, and when harvested properly, makes some income even while leaving trees of potential higher value. Pulpwood is typically a small tree measuring   6-9† diameter breast height (DBH). Pulpwood trees are chipped into small chunks, chemically treated, and made into paper. Pulpwood is measured by weight in tons or by volume in standard cords. Canterwood: This is a term locally used to describe pulpwood-sized pine trees from which one 2 x 4 board can be cut in addition to the chips used for pulpwood (not to be confused with chip-n-saw). Another name for canterwood is â€Å"superpulp†. Superpulp is more valuable than regular pulpwood, but markets for this product are not always available. Canterwood is measured by weight in tons or by volume in standard cords. Palletwood: Wood for pallets can be a market for low-quality standing hardwood timber that does not make the grade for lumber. These stands have been mismanaged for optimum hardwood sawtimber production and have no potential to make grade lumber. This market is generally available in regions with a large upland hardwood resource. These trees will be sawed into slats for pallet-making. Palletwood is sometimes called â€Å"skrag.† Chip-n-saw: This product is different from canterwood in that it is cut from trees transitioning from pulpwood into sawtimber size. These tree typically range in the 10-13† DBH size. By using a combination of chipping and sawing techniques, these mid-sized trees produce chips for pulpwood as well as small dimension lumber. Chip-n-saw is heavily dependent on tree quality and height which can saw out straight studs. This product is usually measured in tons or standard cords. Pine and Hardwood Sawtimber: Trees cut for lumber fall into two categories, hardwood lumber and lumber from conifers. Lumber from hardwoods and pines typically is sawn from trees with diameters greater than 14† DBH. Trees are cut into lumber but some of the extra material is converted into chips for fuel or paper production. Sawtimber is measured in tons or board feet. The value of these trees is heavily dependent on tree quality meaning straight, solid logs with little to no defect. Veneer: These trees are cut for peeled or sliced wood veneers and plywood. Trees in the product class have a diameter size of 16† or more. By means of a large lathe, the tree is converted into continuous sheets of thin wood. This is used in the manufacture of plywood and furniture, depending on the type of tree. Veneer and plywood is measured in tons or board feet. Value is heavily dependent on tree quality. Source: South Carolina Forestry Commission. Understanding Timber as a Commodity. https://www.state.sc.us/forest/lecom.htm .